PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NONPETROLEUM OILS

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Crump-Wiesner ◽  
Allen L. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACT Legislative history of water pollution control has not included detailed scientific definitions of what is meant by the rather inclusive term “oil.” Because of the publicity surrounding spills of crude or petroleum-derived oils, little attention has been focused on non-petroleum oils. Approximately 5% of the oil spills reported to the Environmental Protection Agency are nonpetroleum oils. Their physical and chemical properties and adverse environmental effects are strikingly similar to the behavior of petroleum oil in the aquatic environment. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the properties and effects of petroleum versus nonpetroleum oils. Their similarities prove that these oils should be treated as one entity regardless of their origin. Finally, additional guidelines are presented to provide a more broadly applicable distinction between oil and other hazardous materials for enforcement purposes.

scholarly journals What Was Released? Assessing the Physical Properties and Chemical Composition of Petroleum and Products of Burned Oil

Oceanography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57
Author(s):  
Jürgen Rullkötter ◽  
John Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ion Cyclotron Resonance ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The severity of oil spills depends on the quantity of material released and its physical and chemical properties. The total amount of petroleum spilled during the Deepwater Horizon incident and the relative fractions of the chemical compound classes of the Macondo oil were obtained by measurements, observations, and model calculations, with a significant amount of uncertainty. Because petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of many thousands or more of gaseous, liquid, and solid constituents, full elucidation of their compositions at the molecular level is impossible with presently available analytical techniques. This paper reviews published work on widely used analytical techniques and points out that scientists’ varying approaches to research questions and preferences for methods of analysis constitute a source of uncertainty. In addition, the focus is on two technical advancements developed over the last two decades, namely two-dimensional gas chromatography and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Both were particularly valuable in the analysis of the spilled Macondo oil and its weathering products. Among the different processes of alteration of the original oil, only in situ oil burning is dealt with in this paper. This review reveals the paucity of data on this mitigation process and shows the need for more systematic coordination of methods in burned oil research studies.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN OIL SPILL MODELS: CASE STUDY USING ADIOS

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 898-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Overstreet ◽  
Andrzej Lewandowski ◽  
William Lehr ◽  
Robert Jones ◽  
Debra Simecek-Beatty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
First Order ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Data Inquiry ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACT The Hazardous Material Response and Assessment Division (HAZMAT) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses the oil weathering software package named Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills (ADIOS) to investigate the oil weathering process. This model combines a database of physical and chemical properties of oils with a simulation model computing mass losses, density, viscosity, and water content of an oil spill due to evaporation, dispersion, and emulsification. A first-order sensitivity analysis of the ADIOS evaporation algorithm indicates that it might be possible to provide a taxonomy of oils with respect to the reliability of results generated by the model.

scholarly journals Development of Lubricating EA Gel Oil of Marine Engine for VGP

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Drilling ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Marine Vessels

In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill – the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum history – occurred. The cause of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was an explosion on the oil drilling well. There are other causes of major oil spills, including leakages from sunken vessels. As a result, there is increasing attention on environmental protections. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has, in recent years, put more stringent measures in place in an attempt to curb the potential for oil spillages. One of their key focuses has been on accidental spills during the operation of marine vessels, which culminated in its Vessel General Permit (VGP). In 2013, the EPA ruled that the VGP mandated the use of environmentally friendly lubricants, where all ship operators entering the US had to use eco-friendly lubricants in all of the equipment that came into contact with seawater. Tomohiro Murakami is a Japanese researcher who has focused the majority of his studies on the development of novel gels and lubricants that have attractive properties. Based at the Yuge National College of Maritime Technology in Japan, he and his team has been working on overcoming the challenges associated with creating eco-friendly lubricants for use in marine vessels.

Diagenetic modification of kerogens

1985 ◽  
Vol 315 (1531) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Recent Sediments ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Kerogen is the part of sedimentary organic matter that is not petroleum. It can be isolated by using acid destruction of minerals, except in recent sediments where this procedure results in important hydrolysis reactions. Whether the scale of observation is microscopic or molecular, kerogens are heterogeneous mixtures whose compositions vary according to the sedimentation medium. However, they can be globally characterized by their H : C and O : C ratios. Diagenetic modification is a thermodynamically oriented process that consists of passing from complicated chemical structures inherited from living organisms or created during sedimentation to simple stable molecules. However, it is kinetically controlled by the thermal history of the sediment during burial. Three main steps are distinguished. (i) Diagenesis, where O :C decreases and CO 2 and H 2 O are released. (ii) Catagenesis, where H : C decreases and petroleum and then gas are produced. (iii) Metagenesis, which consists of structural reorganization of the carbonaceous residue with little change in the elemental analysis. Modification can be followed by observing characteristic changes in physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ГАЗОКОНДЕНСАТНИХ ЗАБРУДНЕНЬ НА СТАН ҐРУНТІВ ПОЛТАВЩИНИ

2014 ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
О. I. Санжаревська
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Gas Condensate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
And Chemical Properties

У статті досліджено фізико-хімічні показникиґрунту, забрудненого нафтогазоконденсатноюсумішшю різної давності: 6 місяців, 12 місяців, 36місяців та проведено його порівняння з ґрунтом, не-забрудненим нафтопродуктами на прикладі Полтав-ської області. Визначено головні негативні наслідкивпливу газоконденсату на ґрунтові екосистеми йзроблені висновки про придатність ґрунту для сіль-ськогосподарського використання та можливі шляхийого покращання. Практична значимість роботиполягає в розробці концептуальних засад поліпшеннястану ґрунтів Полтавського регіону, зокрема за ра-хунок фітомеліоративних заходів; обґрунтуваннішляхи локалізації газоконденсатних виливів і віднов-лення ґрунтів після газоконденсатних забруднень. Poltava Region is one of the leading oil and gas extraction regions of Ukraine. Almost 40 % of Ukrainian gas and every fifth ton of oil with condensate are extracted from depths of Poltava Region, which have unique fields of fuel and power as well as mineral resources. However, during extraction, transportation and processing of oil and gas condensate, oil spills occur, which is associated with accidents and unauthorized ties-in. The result is polluted soil, ground and surface water. We have identified the major negative results of influence on the soil ecosystem gas condensate. It was experimentally determined that the basic physical and chemical properties of soil contaminated with a mixture of gas condensate and comparison with uncontaminated soil mineral oil in Poltava. Conclusions were made concerning the suitability of the soil for agricultural use and possible ways to improve it. There were appeared some problems that should be solved for improving soil Poltava.

scholarly journals Degradacja próchnicy czarnoziemów ornych na przykładzie Ponidzia

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ostaszewska ◽  
Bogumił Wicik ◽  
Andrzej Harasimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The paper presents the results of research on the degradation of chernozems in part of the Proszowice lobe (near Pińczów). The currently progressing process of degradation of chernozems is showed in the decline of their physical and chemical properties (among others increased predisposition to soaking, changes in the content of organic carbon and nitrogen). The results were analyzed in the context of changes in the technology of farming. For the analysis, samples from areas with different types of use and different history of use (including archaeological sites) were collected. A significant decline of soil properties was found. They were expressed by destruction of the soil structure of humus horizon. It starts increase in the susceptibility of the soil clumping, soaking and erosion. The humus contents in researched samples are low (as content for Chernozem), but there is no different in this parameter determined half century ago. Currently, low values of the C/N coefficient indicate the impact of mineral fertilization (increasing the nitrogen content) and are part of the anthropogenic degradation of the analyzed Chernozems.

The Influence of Chemical Dispersants on the Properties of Crude Oil

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 1387-1390
Author(s):  
Juan Sun ◽  
Dong Feng Zhao ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Chao Cheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Spilled Oil ◽  
And Chemical Properties

After oil spills in the coastal aquatic environment, the physical and chemical properties of the spilled oil may change under the influence of the chemical dispersant and form emulsions in the water. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the influence of chemical dispersant to the properties of crude oil. The experiments were conducted using two widely-used surfactant GM-2 and BH-X, two crude oil samples and artificial seawater. Density, viscosity and emulsification rate of crude oil with different amounts of dispersant added was measured. The results show that viscosity of the crude oil was highly influenced by the chemical dispersant. The maximum emulsification rate of the Saudi Arabian middle crude oil was 54.1% and 57.4% with the dispersant to oil ratio above 0.8, whereas the emulsification rate of the heavy oil was significantly lower than the middle oil with both of the two types of chemical dispersant.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

Tailoring microstructures of materials through biomimetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Structure Sensitive ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Successive Level ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Of Materials

Biomimetics involves investigation of structure, function, and methods of synthesis of biological composite materials. The goal is to apply this information to the design and synthesis of materials for engineering applications.Properties of engineering materials are structure sensitive through the whole spectrum of dimensions from nanometer to macro scale. The goal in designing and processing of technological materials, therefore, is to control microstructural evolution at each of these dimensions so as to achieve predictable physical and chemical properties. Control at each successive level of dimension, however, is a major challenge as is the retention of integrity between successive levels. Engineering materials are rarely fabricated to achieve more than a few of the desired properties and the synthesis techniques usually involve high temperature or low pressure conditions that are energy inefficient and environmentally damaging.In contrast to human-made materials, organisms synthesize composites whose intricate structures are more controlled at each scale and hierarchical order.

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