COMPOSITION AND FATE OF CLEAN BALLAST WATER DISCHARGED FROM CRUDE OIL TANKERS

ABSTRACT According to Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization protocols (MARPOL 73/78), clean ballast water (producing no surface sheen and/or containing less than 15 parts per million total oil) from crude oil cargo tanks of tankers can be discharged into coastal waters. As part of an assessment of the potential impact of clean ballast water discharges on Red Sea coral reefs, we have determined the hydrocarbon composition of clean ballast water from crude oil cargo tanks and have determined its rate of dilution following discharge to coastal waters at Yanbu, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In 52 clean ballast water samples from 10 crude oil tankers, total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, measured by gas chromatography, ranged from 0.09 to 11 milligrams/liter (ppm). In most cases, the dominant hydrocarbons in the samples were Cll through C20 n-paraffins. Up to 58 micrograms/liter (ppb) total naphthalenes and 744 μg/l benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene combined were detected in some samples. Clean ballast water was diluted rapidly upon discharge to the ocean. Dilutions of 100-fold or greater were observed within 10 to 20 meters of the discharge and dilutions of 500 to 1,000-fold were measured 1,500 to 2,000 meters downcurrent and within two to four hours of the discharge. Based on these results, it is predicted that discharge of clean ballast water to the coastal waters of the Red Sea in compliance with MARPOL 73/78 rules will have little or no adverse impact on coral reefs of the area.

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BALLAST WATER TREATMENT: A MAJOR UNDERTAKING

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1971-1-125 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 1971 (1) ◽

pp. 125-132

Author(s):

Jonathan W. Scribner

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Dissolved Air Flotation ◽

Fishery Resource ◽

Oil Pipeline ◽

Treated Effluent ◽

Maximum Protection ◽

Total Oil ◽

Oil Tankers

ABSTRACT Port Valdez is an important fishery resource area located at the proposed terminus of a 48 inch diameter, 800 mile, crude oil pipeline system. This terminus facility will provide for the transfer of crude oil to large oil tankers for shipment to the “lower 48” and will also provide for the treatment of oily ballast water from incoming vessels. The degree of treatment required by State and Federal agencies will limit the treated effluent water to 10 mg/1 total oil content. This is considered to be as stringent a requirement as exists for a similar facility anywhere in the world and was imposed upon the industry to ensure maximum protection of marine life. The treatment facility will consist of primary gravity separation, secondary dissolved-air flotation with the addition of chemicals and an outfall/diffuser system terminating in Port Valdez at a depth greater than 100 feet.

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Red Sea suffers crude-oil slick

Nature Middle East ◽

10.1038/nmiddleeast.2010.175 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ola Al-Ghazawy

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Red Sea ◽

Oil Slick

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Energy and Resource Utilization of Refining Industry Oil Sludge by Microwave Treatment

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12176862 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (17) ◽

pp. 6862

Author(s):

Chien Li Lee ◽

Cheng-Hsien Tsai ◽

Chih-Ju G. Jou

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Petroleum Refining ◽

Microwave Treatment ◽

Field Energy ◽

Oily Sludge ◽

Sludge Sample ◽

Volatile Hydrocarbons ◽

Benzene Toluene ◽

Oil Tank

The oily sludge from crude oil contains hazardous BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) found in the bottom sediment of the crude oil tank in the petroleum refining plant. This study uses microwave treatment of the oily sludge to remove BTEX by utilizing the heat energy generated by the microwave. The results show that when the oily sludge sample was treated for 60 s under microwave power from 200 to 300 W, the electric field energy absorbed by the sample increased from 0.17 to 0.31 V/m and the temperature at the center of the sludge sample increased from 66.5 °C to 96.5 °C. In addition, when the oily sludge was treated for 900 s under microwave power 300 W, the removal rates were 98.5% for benzene, 62.8% for toluene, 51.6% for ethylbenzene, and 29.9% for xylene. Meanwhile, the highest recovery rates of light volatile hydrocarbons in sludge reached 71.9% for C3, 71.3% for C4, 71.0% for C5, and 78.2% for C6.

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Analysis of Yielding and Buckling Strength of a Minimal Ballast Water Crude Oil Tanker

Volume 3: Structures, Safety, and Reliability ◽

10.1115/omae2018-77474 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Xueqian Zhou ◽

Hexing Song ◽

Chenfeng Li ◽

Huilong Ren ◽

Siyu Wang

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Pollution ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Structural Strength ◽

Buckling Strength ◽

Trapezoidal Shape ◽

The Cost ◽

Oil Tanker ◽

Ballast Water Management

The minimal ballast water crude oil tanker has the design of a trapezoidal-shape inclined bilge entirely instead of the regular U-shaped tanker, also known as the trapezoidal tanker, which reduces the amount of the ballast water. This type of ship does not only reduce the cost on ballast water management, but also is beneficial to the environment for reducing the risk of water pollution. Since it is a new design, there are no applicable specifications for the assessment of structural strength at present. In order to find out characteristics of the yielding and buckling strength of this type of ship, the strength of a conventional tanker and a trapezoidal tanker are calculated by a finite element method and then compared with a variety of cases. It can be seen that the trapezoidal tanker has lots of advantages in strength and lighting weight.

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New Records of Seagrass Flora in Air Bangis West Sumatera

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.13.1.77-81 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Eni Kamal ◽

Japar Sidik Bujang ◽

Muta Hara Zakaria

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

West Coast ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

New Record ◽

New Records ◽

Thalassia Hemprichii ◽

Habitat Characteristic ◽

Halodule Uninervis ◽

Width Measurements ◽

Shallow Coastal Waters

Seagrasses in the Air Bangis Archipelago, west coast of Sumatra were found growing in sandy muddy substratesof the shallow coastal waters at depth of 0.3-2.5 m, dominated by degraded coral reefs around the off-shoreislands. Two species; Enhalus acoroides (L.f) Royle and Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb) Aschers were observed atPulau Unggas, Pulau Pasir Panjang and Teluk Tapang. Halodule uninervis (Forssk) Aschers was observed in twolocations; Pasir Panjang and Teluk Tapang. The occurrence of this species is unknown previously and therefore itis a new flora record for Sumatra. With this new record, Sumatra has six species of seagrasses, contributing tohalf of total number of seagrasses occurring in Indonesia. According to leaf width measurements, two morphologicalvariants (narrow and wide leaved) can be distinguished for Halodule uninervis. In addition, descriptions of thespecies and their habitat characteristic are provided.

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STATUS TERUMBU KARANG DI PERAIRAN PESISIR NEGERI HUKURILA

TRITON : Jurnal Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan ◽

10.30598/tritonvol17issue1page35-45 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 35-45

Author(s):

Dicky Sahetapy ◽

Laura Siahainenia ◽

Debby A J Selanno ◽

Johannes M S Tetelepta ◽

Novianty C Tuhumury

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Coral Species ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Ecological Index ◽

Stony Coral ◽

The Status ◽

Coral Communities ◽

Line Intercept

Coral reef is one of the important coastal ecosystems that have high biodiversity. This study aims to analyze the composition of the taxa and the distribution of coral species, the ecological index of coral communities and the status of coral reefs. The research was conducted from April-May 2019 in the coastal waters of Hukurila Village, South Leitimur District, Ambon City. Collecting coral data by using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. Determination of coral reef condition based on percent data (value) of coral reef cover. During the study, 116 species of stony coral from 49 genera and 16 families were found, which 50 species of them are protected and 23 species of ornamental coral. The similarity index of stony coral species between coral reef locations ranges from 0.52-0.76 or there is the similarity of stony coral species between locations coral reef in the amount of 52-76%. The coral reefs of Hukurila Village have high diversity of coral species, with a low dominance of coral species in the community, and the compatibility of coral species in the community is classified as stable. Acropora corals contributed a low covering percent value (9.98%), while Non-Acropora corals contributed a relatively high percent of covering value (43.56%). The status of coral reefs between locations in the coastal waters of Hukurila Village is in the criteria of good (healthy). ABSTRAK Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu ekosistem pesisir penting yang emiliki kenanekaragaman hayati tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi taksa dan sebaran spesies karang, indeks ekologi kominitas karang dan status terumbu karang. Penelitian dilakukan dari April-Mei 2019 di perairan pesisir Negeri Hukurila Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan Kota Ambon. Pengumpulan data karang menggunakan metode Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Penentuan kondisi terumbu karang berdasarkan data (nilai) persen penutupan karang batu. Selama penelitian ditemukan 116 spesies karang batu dari 49 genera dan 16 famili, dimana 50 spesies diantaranya dilindungi dan 23 spesies karang hias. Indeks similaritas spesies karang batu antar stasiun terumbu karang berkisar antara 0,52-0,76 atau terdapat kesamaan spesies karang batu antar lokasi terumbu karang sebesar 52-76%. Terumbu karang Negeri Hukurila memiliki diversitas spesies karang tinggi, dengan dominansi spesies karang rendah dalam komunitas, dan keserasian spesies karang dalam komunitas tergolong stabil. Karang Acropora memberi kontribusi nilai persen penutupan rendah (9,98%), sementara karang Non-Acropora memberi kontribusi nilai persen penutupan karang batu relatif tinggi (43,56%). Status terumbu karang antar stasiun terumbu perairan pesisir Negeri Hukurila berada dalam kriteria baik (sehat). Kata kunci: terumbu, karang batu, keragaman spesies, kesamaan, persen penutupan

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An updated Checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel, with illustrations of recently recorded species and delineation of Lessepsian migrants

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4956.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4956 (1) ◽

pp. 1-108

Author(s):

DANIEL GOLANI

Keyword(s):

Red Sea ◽

Deep Water ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Suez Canal ◽

Water Influx ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Lessepsian Migrants

This checklist of the Mediterranean fishes of Israel enumerates 469 species which is an addition of 62 species since the previous checklist of 2005. This new checklist includes 58 Condrichthys and 411 Osteicthys species. Most newly-recorded species are of Red Sea origin (Lessepsian migrants)—38 species, 25 species are from previously poorly investigated habitats, mainly deep water, while two species reached the Mediterranean most likely by ballast water and two are aquaculture escapees. The dramatic increase in the number of Lessepsian migrants (an average of 2.5 species per year) is most likely due to the increased water influx between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, following the recent opening of the new parallel, 72 km, “new canal” and the enlargement of other parts of the Suez Canal.

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Passage Through the Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb

Israel Law Review ◽

10.1017/s0021223700006233 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 180-193

Author(s):

Ruth Lapidoth

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Red Sea ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Gulf Of Aden ◽

Eastern Shore ◽

The West ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

The Republic ◽

Yemen Arab Republic

The strait of Bab al-Mandeb, “the gate of tears” or “the gate of the wailing yard”, joins the high seas of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to those of the Red Sea. The name is primarily used by geographers to designate the narrowest part of the passage, between Ras Bab al-Mandeb on the Asian shore and Ras Siyan in Africa. At this point it is bordered on the east by the Yemen Arab Republic (Northern Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Southern Yemen), and in the west by the Republic of Djibouti (formerly the French Territory of the Afars and Issas). About 14 miles farther north, where the Red Sea (or, for that matter, the strait) is nearly 20 miles wide, lies the coast of Ethiopia (the province of Eritrea). All the riparians claim a territorial sea of 12 miles, and the Yemen Arab Republic, as well as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, also claim jurisdiction for certain purposes in an additional zone of 6 miles.On the eastern shore of the strait of Bab al-Mandeb lies the peninsula of Ras Bab al-Mandeb, which is about 6–10 km. wide. It consists of rocky, volcanic plains with several hills of 200–300 m. The coast of Ras Bab al-Mandeb is surrounded by coral reefs of a width of up to 1500 m. The border between North Yemen and South Yemen passes down the middle of Ras Bab al-Mandeb.

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Asphaltene Deposition Induced by Carbon Oxide and its Influence on Displacement Efficiency

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2451 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 594-597 ◽

pp. 2451-2454

Author(s):

Feng Lan Zhao ◽

Ji Rui Hou ◽

Shi Jun Huang

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Carbon Oxide ◽

Viscosity Reduction ◽

Core Flooding ◽

Displacement Efficiency ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Oil Viscosity ◽

Asphaltene Deposition ◽

Total Oil

CO2is inclined to dissolve in crude oil in the reservoir condition and accordingly bring the changes in the crude oil composition, which will induce asphaltene deposition and following formation damage. In this paper, core flooding device is applied to study the effect of asphaltene deposition on flooding efficiency. From the flooding results, dissolution of CO2into oil leads to recovery increase because of crude oil viscosity reduction. But precipitated asphaltene particles may plug the pores and throats, which will make the flooding effects worse. Under the same experimental condition and with equivalent crude oil viscosity, the recovery of oil with higher proportion of precipitated asphaltene was relatively lower during the CO2flooding, so the asphltene precipitation would affect CO2displacement efficiSubscript textency and total oil recovery to some extent. Combination of static diffusion and dynamic oil flooding would provide basic parameters for further study of the CO2flooding mechanism and theoretical evidence for design of CO2flooding programs and forecasting of asphaltene deposition.

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