scholarly journals BALLAST WATER TREATMENT: A MAJOR UNDERTAKING

1971 ◽  
Vol 1971 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Scribner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Dissolved Air Flotation ◽  
Fishery Resource ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Maximum Protection ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Oil Tankers

ABSTRACT Port Valdez is an important fishery resource area located at the proposed terminus of a 48 inch diameter, 800 mile, crude oil pipeline system. This terminus facility will provide for the transfer of crude oil to large oil tankers for shipment to the “lower 48” and will also provide for the treatment of oily ballast water from incoming vessels. The degree of treatment required by State and Federal agencies will limit the treated effluent water to 10 mg/1 total oil content. This is considered to be as stringent a requirement as exists for a similar facility anywhere in the world and was imposed upon the industry to ensure maximum protection of marine life. The treatment facility will consist of primary gravity separation, secondary dissolved-air flotation with the addition of chemicals and an outfall/diffuser system terminating in Port Valdez at a depth greater than 100 feet.

COMPOSITION AND FATE OF CLEAN BALLAST WATER DISCHARGED FROM CRUDE OIL TANKERS

1983 ◽  
Vol 1983 (1) ◽  
pp. 435-441
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Neff ◽  
James P. Marum ◽  
J. Scott Warner
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Oil Tankers

ABSTRACT According to Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization protocols (MARPOL 73/78), clean ballast water (producing no surface sheen and/or containing less than 15 parts per million total oil) from crude oil cargo tanks of tankers can be discharged into coastal waters. As part of an assessment of the potential impact of clean ballast water discharges on Red Sea coral reefs, we have determined the hydrocarbon composition of clean ballast water from crude oil cargo tanks and have determined its rate of dilution following discharge to coastal waters at Yanbu, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In 52 clean ballast water samples from 10 crude oil tankers, total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations, measured by gas chromatography, ranged from 0.09 to 11 milligrams/liter (ppm). In most cases, the dominant hydrocarbons in the samples were Cll through C20 n-paraffins. Up to 58 micrograms/liter (ppb) total naphthalenes and 744 μg/l benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene combined were detected in some samples. Clean ballast water was diluted rapidly upon discharge to the ocean. Dilutions of 100-fold or greater were observed within 10 to 20 meters of the discharge and dilutions of 500 to 1,000-fold were measured 1,500 to 2,000 meters downcurrent and within two to four hours of the discharge. Based on these results, it is predicted that discharge of clean ballast water to the coastal waters of the Red Sea in compliance with MARPOL 73/78 rules will have little or no adverse impact on coral reefs of the area.

Conversion of Old Crude Oil Pipeline to Product Service

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Western India ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Products Pipeline ◽  
Oil Company ◽  
System Methodology

Due to capacity expansion of one of our refineries located in Western India, there was a need to evacuate additional products. Pipeline, being the most economical, reliable and environment friendly mode of transportation was the obvious choice. Laying a new pipeline would have required making substantial initial capital investment. However, a crude oil pipeline, owned by another oil company, was terminating at the refinery and was not in regular use. It was decided to convert this pipeline to product service. The pipeline was taken on lease, extensively cleaned, tested and successfully converted to product service with necessary hook-up/modifications at both the ends and in-between. The paper covers the experience gathered during the process of conversion of the crude oil pipeline to product service, including modifications carried out in the pipeline system, methodology adopted for cleaning, hydro-testing and commissioning of the system, and the lessons learnt.

scholarly journals Drag Reducer Selection for Oil Pipeline Based Laboratory Experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leksono Mucharam ◽  
Silvya Rahmawati ◽  
Rizki Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Flow ◽  
Oil Transportation ◽  
Pump Stations

Oil and gas industry is one of the most capital-intensive industry in the world. Each step of oil and gas processing starting from exploration, exploitation, up to abandonment of the field, consumes large amount of capital. Optimization in each step of process is essential to reduce expenditure. In this paper, optimization of fluid flow in pipeline during oil transportation will be observed and studied in order to increase pipeline flow performance.This paper concentrates on chemical application into pipeline therefore the chemical can increase overall pipeline throughput or decrease energy requirement for oil transportation. These chemicals are called drag reducing agent, which consist of various chemicals such as surfactants, polymers, nanofluids, fibers, etc. During the application of chemical into pipeline flow system, these chemicals are already proven to decrease pump work for constant flow rate or allow pipeline to transport more oil for same amount of pump work. The first application of drag reducer in large scale oil transportation was in Trans Alaskan Pipeline System which cancel the need to build several pump stations because of the successful application. Since then, more company worldwide started to apply drag reducer to their pipeline system.Several tedious testings on laboratory should be done to examine the effect of drag reducer to crude oil that will be the subject of application. In this paper, one of the testing method is studied and experimented to select the most effective DRA from several proposed additives. For given pipeline system and crude oil type, the most optimum DRA is DRA A for pipeline section S-R and for section R-P is DRA B. Different type of oil and pipeline geometry will require different chemical drag reducer. 

scholarly journals Computer-based method of design and modeling of transient flow in crude oil pipeline system

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-239
Author(s):  
ThankGod Enatimi Boye ◽  
◽  
Olusegun David Samuel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Method Of Design

High Speed Data Communications and High Speed Leak Detection Models: Impact of Thermodynamic Properties for Heated Crude Oil in Large Diameter, Insulated Pipelines — Application Pacific Pipeline System

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Mecham ◽  
Galen Stanley ◽  
Michael Pelletier ◽  
Jim C. P. Liou
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Detection Model

Recent advances in SCADA and leak detection system technologies lead to higher scan rates and faster model speeds. As these model speeds increase and the inherent mathematical uncertainties in implicit method solutions are reduced, errors and uncertainties in measurement of the physical properties of the fluids transported by pipeline come to dominate the confidence calculations for computer generated leak alerts in the control center. The ability to collect more data must be supported by the need for better model data in order to achieve optimal leak detection system performance. This is particularly true when the products transported are non-homogeneous and have strong viscosity-vs-temperature relationships. These are characteristics of crude oils in California’s San Joaquin Valley where significant heating is required to pump these oils in an efficient manner. Proper characterization and correct mathematical expression of these physical properties in leak models has become critical. This paper presents these new developments in the context of an implementation of this new technology for the Pacific Pipeline System (PPS). PPS is a recently constructed and commissioned 209 km (130-mile), 50.8 cm (20″) diameter, insulated, hot crude oil pipeline between the southern portion of California’s San Joaquin Valley and refineries in the Los Angeles basin. Operational temperatures in this line vary from ambient to 82.2°C (180°F) with pressures ranging from 345 kPa (50 psi) to 11,720 kPa (1700 psi). Due to the unique geometry of the line, facilities along the route include pumping stations, metering stations and numerous “throttle-type” pressure reduction facilities. On PPS, a high-speed leak detection model is supported by a fiber optic (OC-1) communication backbone with data rate capacities in excess of 50 Megabits Per Second (MPS). Total scan times for the distributed communication system have been reduced to 1/4 second — each facility reports data to the SCADA host four times each second. A corresponding 1/4 second leak detection model cycle leads to selection of Methods of Characteristics segments on the order of 260 meters (850 feet). This resolution, in conjunction with the advanced instrumentation package of PPS, makes detection of very small leaks realizable. This paper starts with an overview of the system and combines a mix of the theoretical requirements imposed by the mathematical solutions with a practical description of the laboratory procedures and propagated experimental errors. The paper reviews temperature-related errors and uncertainties and their influence on leak detection performance.

A Case Study: Failure Analysis of Crude Oil Pipeline Rupture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Gupta ◽  
Deepak Agarwal ◽  
Deepak Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Santosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Cyclonic Storm ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Local Reduction ◽  
Probable Impact ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Oil Tankers ◽  
Geometry Inspection

More than 80% of crude oil requirement in India is met through imports. Imported crude oil is delivered to the shore tanks through Single Point Mooring (SPM) system. Generally, SPM systems are installed in the sea where water depth is around 30m and more. Crude oil tankers discharge their cargo through these SPMs and off-shore pipelines to storage tanks located in the shore. Therefore, off-shore crude unloading pipelines are a vital link to in the energy supply chain in India. Management of these off-shore pipelines is a challenging task. This paper discusses a case of mechanical damage to an Indian off-shore pipeline and how the damage is being evaluated to ensure reliability and safety of this vital link to ensure sustained and safe operation of the line. The mechanical damage discussed in this paper is in a 48″ off-shore pipeline at a depth of nearly 30m and 24km away from the shore. Owners believe that the damage was caused due to anchor hit from a ship that was buffeted away from safe anchor zone to no anchor zone during a cyclonic storm. Owner had to face considerable challenge in locating and measuring the extent of damage and evaluating its severity and probable impact on the integrity of the pipeline. Owner had done multiple geometry inspection of the pipeline to measure the length of the damage and restriction introduced in the bore due to local reduction in diameter. Possibility of presence of a crack and its likelihood of growth in the near and distant future is also evaluated. The paper also discusses the possible remedial measures to ensure long term integrity of the pipeline.

Optimizing the Steady Operation of an Double Oil Pipeline System by Decompostion Method

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changchun Wu ◽  
Guotai Shao
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Programming Problem ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Discharge Temperature ◽  
Decision Variables

As a main channel for long distance transportation of Daqing crude oil, Daqing-Tieling oil pipeline system consists of two pipelines in parallel. With its capacity of 45 million tons per year, the system is the largest oil pipeline system in China and plays an important role in the petroleum industry and national economy of China. Due to the complicated interconnection between the two pipelines in the system, the optimization of steady operation of the system is much more difficult than a single pipeline so that it can be considered as an optimization problem on large scale system. Besides the interconnection of the two pipelines, because of high pour point of Daqing crude oil, another difficulty to solve the problem comes from the fact that the two pipelines are hot oil pipeline, of which the heating-pumping stations are equipped with some heaters to heat the crude oil so as to improve its flow ability. For the optimization problem, the basic decision variables can be divided into two types, the discharge temperature of each heating-pumping station and the 0–1 variable which assigns a pump online or offline, and they are dependent to each other. Under certain conditions, the problem can be decomposed into two relatively independent sub-problems, one being the optimization of the oil temperatures in the system, another being the optimization of the matching between a pump combination and the all pipe segments of the system. The first sub-problem has been modeled as a nonlinear programming problem with 55 decision variables and more than one hundred constraints. For simplifying the solving process of the sub-problem, it has been further decomposed into a set of sub-problems, again, each of which can be easily solved. The second sub-problem can be modeled as a dynamic programming problem. On the basis of the models and the algorithms proposed for the above-mentioned problem, a software QTOPT has been developed specially for the Daqing-Tieling oil pipeline system, and has been used in evaluating and optimizing the process design of the system. Also the software can be used to optimize the steady operation of the system.

scholarly journals Determination of Crude Oil Thickness at Night Using Thermal Imagery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toomas H. Allik
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Thermal Camera ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Alaskan North Slope

A heat transfer model, has determined millimeter crude oil thicknesses on saltwater at night.  Model inputs are calibrated thermographic imagery, weather station data, metrological observations, and crude oil thermal conductivity.  Outdoor field-testing was performed at the National Oil Spill Response & Renewable Energy Test Facility (Ohmsett) to determine model accuracy.  Alaskan North Slope (ANS), Hoover Offshore Oil Pipeline System Blend (HOOPS), and ROCK crude oils were placed at varying mm depths.  A roof-top mounted thermal camera measured the average oil surface temperature for each target and converted to oil spill thickness.  The fidelity of the thickness measurements is dependent on the accurate measurement of the atmospheric and weather parameters, sea state, heat transfer constants, crude oil evaporation rates, and calibration and stability of the thermal camera.

EFFECTIVENESS OF A LARGE-SCALE BALLAST TREATMENT PROCESS

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Ihor Lysyj ◽  
Ron Rushworth ◽  
Robert Melvold ◽  
John Farlow
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Final Effluent

ABSTRACT A study dealing with the effectiveness of large-scale treatment of ballast water was conducted at the terminal treatment facility of the Alaska Pipeline in Port Valdez, Alaska. Three principal questions addressed by the study were: the effectiveness of petroleum removal from ballast water; the nature of the chemical changes in the process stream; and the suitability of various analytical techniques for monitoring plant operation and measuring the quality of the final effluent. The following analytical operations were performed on-site in Port Valdez: determination of “total oil” by Freon 113 extraction, followed by IR and gravimetric measurement methods; determination of nonvolatile dissolved and nonvolatile suspended organic materials by TOC analysis; determination of volatile organics by gas chromatography; and accumulator column separation and chloroform extraction of dissolved nonvolatile organic matter for subsequent HPLC and GC/MS analysis. It was found that the final effluent contained volatile organic matter composed primarily of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) (48 percent), dissolved organic materials of petroleum nonhydrocarbon type (36 percent), and suspended organic matter which is traditionally defined as water-insoluble “oil” (16 percent). The bulk of the separation of oil from water, it was found, takes place in primary gravity separators (more than 99 percent), and that the secondary aeration-flocculation operation removes only approximately one-half of the remaining fraction of one percent. The studies also showed that standard methods for determination of “total oil” by extraction and either IR or gravimetric methods are insufficient for monitoring the quality of the final treated effluent. This is because the principal organic components in treated effluent are volatile aromatic hydrocarbons and dissolved petroleum non-hydrocarbons. The standard method for “total oil” analysis by extraction-IR is not calibrated for detection of such components, while evaporation of solvent during the gravimetric procedure results in the loss of the largest single group of organics present in the effluent: aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applied-Information Technology in Safety Throughput Analysis for Crude Oil Pipeline System

2014 ◽  
Vol 951 ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Pei Pei Qi ◽  
Xiao Nian Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Operation Management ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Technical Measure ◽  
Dynamic Data ◽  
Throughput Analysis ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Microsoft Access ◽  
Process Calculation

The mathematical models of process calculation and safety throughput analysis of crude oil pipeline system have been established. On the basis of.Net platform and Microsoft Access DB tool, With the help of OLE DB database connection, The software of safety throughput analysis for crude oil pipeline system has been developed, by which the function of static and dynamic data management, process calculation, safety throughput calculation can be realized. By means of this technical measure, the operation management level of crude oil pipeline system will increase a huge step.

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