IDENTIFICATION AND INITIAL RECOVERY OF JET A FUEL FROM THE GROUND UNDERLYING A TANK FARM AT PALM BEACH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Ries
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Monitoring Well ◽  
Tank Farm ◽  
Product Flow ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Initial Recovery

ABSTRACT A recent surface fuel spill incident by tank overflow at a 220,000 gal above-ground airport tank farm led to a single monitoring well installed at the request of the state. This well disclosed previously spilled Jet A fuel at the water table, 5 ft below grade. Eight monitoring wells averaging 7 ft deep were completed in 3 days, revealing a surprisingly confined pool of fuel in fine sand estimated at 24,000 ft2 but with over 30 in. of fuel in some wells. Monitoring wells 40 ft away showed a complete absence of fuel. Leaking from underground piping was tested and eliminated as a possible source. Above-ground spills, it was concluded, were insufficient as a source. Inventory records failed to show any losses. Gas chromatic analysis of the product confirmed that it was Jet A, and therefore not JP-4 from an abandoned Air Force fuel main. The source of fuel was concluded as primarily from the practice of daily fuel tank sumping to the ground, which ceased in 1974. Significantly, the spill was 10 years old and had not moved. Initial recovery was by slotted drum, later replaced by a 70 ft by 3 ft trench to the water table, gravel backfilled. Recovery of product only, without water pumping, was by an electrical chemical metering pump, continuously, at the rate of product flow to the trench, averaging 23 gal per day. Investigations of groundwater quality in nearby monitoring wells by the state agency failed to show any hydrocarbons, analyzed down to 5 parts per billion. The closest water well, 1,800 ft away, showed no contamination. Bench scale testing demonstrated that monitoring well fuel thickness overstates fuel thickness in the ground, and that trenches concentrate fuel thicknesses like monitoring wells. Tight cost control was maintained, with monitoring wells costing under $50 each, a recovery trench under $2,000, and recovery pumping under $1,000. By-product recovery revenue has offset some recovery costs.

Influence of Forest Cover on the State of the Ground Water Table

1953 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Wilde ◽  
E. C. Steinbrenner ◽  
R. S. Pierce ◽  
R. C. Dosen ◽  
D. T. Pronin
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
The State ◽  
Ground Water Table

scholarly journals Model-Based Analysis of the Link between Groundwater Table Rising and the Formation of Solute Plumes in a Shallow Stratified Aquifer

Pollutants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-86
Author(s):  
Simone Varisco ◽  
Giovanni Pietro Beretta ◽  
Luca Raffaelli ◽  
Paola Raimondi ◽  
Daniele Pedretti
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Contaminant Sources ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Pumping Rates ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
T System

Groundwater table rising (GTR) represents a well-known issue that affects several urban and agricultural areas of the world. This work addresses the link between GTR and the formation of solute plumes from contaminant sources that are located in the vadose zone, and that water table rising may help mobilize with time. A case study is analyzed in the stratified pyroclastic-alluvial aquifer near Naples (Italy), which is notoriously affected by GTR. A dismissed chemical factory generated a solute plume, which was hydraulically confined by a pump-and-treat (P&T) system. Since 2011, aqueous concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) have been found to exceed regulatory maximum concentration levels in monitoring wells. It has been hypothesized that a 1,1-DCE source may occur as buried waste that has been flushed with time under GTR. To elucidate this hypothesis and reoptimize the P&T system, flow and transport numerical modeling analysis was developed using site-specific data. The results indicated that the formulated hypothesis is indeed plausible. The model shows that water table peaks were reached in 2011 and 2017, which agree with the 1,1-DCE concentration peaks observed in the site. The model was also able to capture the simultaneous decrease in the water table levels and concentrations between 2011 and 2014. Scenario-based analysis suggests that lowering the water table below the elevation of the hypothesized source is potentially a cost-effective strategy to reschedule the pumping rates of the P&T system.

scholarly journals Political clientelism in Serbian media - the case of the Tanjug news agency

Sociologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Smiljana Milinkov ◽  
Dinko Gruhonjic
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
State Budget ◽  
News Agency ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Work ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Political Clientelism

The paper problematizes the presence of political clientelism in the media in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this research is to point out the examples of establishing mechanisms of clientelistic practice in the media, using the News agency Tanjug as an example. Three analytical categories, which are relevant for perceiving the problem of clientelism, have been included: regulatory framework, financial allocations from the state budget and the reporting of the news agency Tanjug. The results of the research show that the illegal functioning, the unsolved ownership issue, non-transparent financing and unprofessional reporting are characteristics of the media work of Tanjug agency. According to the law, the former state agency was scheduled to stop work by the end of 2015. However, Tanjug still, with unclear legal status and significant financial help from the state, publishes information, some of which were proven to be disinformation. The analysis of examples of unobjective and unprofessional reporting points out to the ignoring of public interest, in order to satisfy the particular interest of the governing political structure, which financially makes Tanjug?s functioning possible, in an illegal manner. This case represents a closed circle of interrelationships on the relation politics-economy-media, through which clientelism is defined, using quid pro quo practice.

scholarly journals USO DE CAMALHÕES DE BASE LARGA PARA A VIABILIZAÇÃO DO CULTIVO DE SOJA EM TERRAS BAIXAS

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-696
Author(s):  
Ricardo Benetti Rosso ◽  
Marcia Xavier Peiter ◽  
Adroaldo Dias Robaina ◽  
Rogério Ricalde Torres ◽  
Jardel Henrique Kirchner
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The State ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Poor Drainage

USO DE CAMALHÕES DE BASE LARGA PARA A VIABILIZAÇÃO DO CULTIVO DE SOJA EM TERRAS BAIXAS     RICARDO BENETTI ROSSO1; MARCIA XAVIER PEITER2; ADROALDO DIAS ROBAINA3; ROGÉRIO RICALDE TORRES4 E JARDEL HENRIQUE KIRCHNER5   1Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, SC, Brasil, CEP: 89703-720, [email protected]. 2Eng. Agrônoma, Doutora, Professora Associada do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected]. 3Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, [email protected]. 4Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Vacaria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 95219-899, [email protected] 5Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Ibirubá, RS, Brasil, CEP: 98200-000, [email protected].     1 RESUMO   O estado do Rio Grande do Sul possui extensas áreas de terras baixas que são predominantemente ocupadas pela orizicultura que nos últimos anos vem enfrentando sérios problemas. A alternativa encontrada foi o cultivo de soja nestas áreas. Porém, estas áreas apresentam restrições físicas do solo, como por exemplo a má drenagem, que acarreta na elevação do nível freático próximo a superfície. Neste sentido, foi realizado um estudo com objetivo de avaliar a utilização de técnicas de drenagem, para viabilizar o cultivo de soja, através do rebaixamento do nível freático. Estas técnicas de drenagem são compostas pelos camalhões de base larga de 22,5; 15 e 7,5 m e a drenagem superficial. Como parâmetros de avaliação da eficiência no rebaixamento do nível freático foram utilizados os índices SEW30 SCmod e IDS, e também a produtividade e os componentes de produção da soja. Os resultados, demonstraram a eficiência do camalhão de base larga no rebaixamento do nível freático em comparação a drenagem superficial.  Assim recomenda-se a utilização de camalhões de base larga de 7,5 e 15 m para o cultivo de soja em terras baixas.   Palavras chave; drenagem, SEW30, nível freático, várzea.   ROSSO R. B.; PEITER M. X.; ROBAINA A. D.; TORRES R.R.; KIRCHNER J. H. USE OF BROAD BED FURROW FOR FEASIBILITY OF SOYBEAN CULTIVATION IN LOWLANDS     2 ABSTRACT   The state of Rio Grande do Sul has extensive lowland areas predominantly occupied by rice cultivation, which in recent years has been experiencing serious problems. The alternative found was to implement soybean cultivation in these areas. However, they present physical soil restrictions, such as poor drainage, which leads to elevation of the water table near the surface. In this sense, a study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the use of drainage techniques to enable soybean cultivation by lowering the water table. The drainage techniques were composed of a broad bed ridge of 22.5, 15 and 7.5 meters and surface drainage. SEW30, SCmod and IDS indices, as well the productivity and components of soybean production, were used as parameters for the evaluation of efficiency in lowering the water table. Among the broad bed ridges, 7.5 m wide and 15 m wide base were the most successful in the two harvests. Thus, the use of 7.5 and 15 m wide broad bed for cultivation of soybeans in lowlands is recommended.   Keywords: drainage, SEW30, water table, lowland.

Major Federal and State Narcotics Programs and Legislation

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Singular Problem ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Major Interest

New approaches to and programs for the treatment of drug addiction are being developed; changes in state and federal drug laws are rapid and are accompanied by bursts of confusion that signal both public acceptance and fear. Basic punitive attitudes toward drug addiction and the drug addict are being reviewed. The question of crime vs. disease is obsolete; addiction must be evaluated as a process rather than as a singular problem. A series of alternative solutions must be generated to deal with the process effectively. New legal struc tures and programs must be designed to deal with the addict in his environment rather than in traditional correctional and hos pital settings. The significant issue is public vs. private care and its effec tiveness. A certain amount of control in treating the addict is necessary, whether this be legal or social; however, only that amount of control necessary to provide stability should be sought. Public programs are a necessity and, for the present, will most likely meet the major need. Private resources must be encouraged and developed and not stifled by the state agency. A full spectrum of services must be supported. The major public programs that have been developed throughout the United States are in keeping with the trends mentioned, in both a legal and a program framework. Of major interest are the federal program of 1966 and the state programs in New York, Califor nia, New Jersey, and Illinois.

RENOVATION OF THE FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN TERMS OF THEIR INTEGRATION INTO THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Olga Gamzina
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Market Environment ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Forest Use

The article considers modern transformations of forestry in Ukraine, including the specifics of its integration into the market environment. It is shown that the currently formed model of forest use has led to a continuous reduction of forest resources and deterioration of the quality of their structure. It is essential to revise the current model, including the forest management system. Currently, more than two thirds of the country's forest resources are available to the State Forest Resources Agency. However, due to the gradual transfer of the entire forest resource sector to market mechanisms of work, it is necessary to provide in advance to ensure its restoration, as well as the implementation of the most acceptable format of private forest use. The main result of the study is a conceptual vision of the new management structure. Due to the fact that in the future forestry will become more and more dependent on the private sector, the new management model should include exactly those tools that will be appropriate in market conditions. Currently, the State Agency for Forest Resources of Ukraine has very limited tools for such influence. The agency, when transferring the site for use, can only control the final result. However, the actual effectiveness of such control remains extremely low. In conditions when the bulk of wood will belong to private companies, it will be problematic to establish systematic monitoring in the country. That is why an effective economic and environmental mechanism of this type of control should be created in advance. Also, the transfer of forest use in the country requires early regulation of all production stages. That is, without such regulation it will be impossible to ensure proper compliance with the law. The introduction of market mechanisms for forest use should take place simultaneously with the introduction of comprehensive rules for the use of forest resources and the restoration of forest plantations. The main purpose of the article is to formulate the basis of a promising model of forest resources management in Ukraine. The problem is that now this area needs to be reformed and is in transition. The previous model of natural resource use in the country has led to a rapid reduction in the number of forest plantations.

A Probabilistic Model of Aquifer Susceptibility to Earthquake-Induced Groundwater-Level Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 1046-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad C. Weaver ◽  
R. Arnold ◽  
C. Holden ◽  
J. Townend ◽  
S. C. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Monitoring Well ◽  
Water Level Changes ◽  
Groundwater Level Changes

ABSTRACT A probabilistic model for earthquake-induced persistent groundwater-level response as a function of peak ground velocity (PGV) has been constructed using a catalog of monitoring well observations spanning multiple earthquakes. The regional-scale, multi-site, multi-earthquake investigation addresses the occurrence and absence of hydraulic responses to large earthquakes spanning almost a decade of seismic shaking. Persistent groundwater-level changes, or absences of change, have been quantified in 495 monitoring wells in response to one or more of 11 recent New Zealand earthquakes larger than Mw 5.4 that occurred between 2008 and 2017. A binary logistic regression model with random effects has been applied to the dataset using three predictors: earthquake shaking (PGV), degree of hydrogeological confinement (monitoring well depth), and rock strength (site-average shear-wave velocity). Random effects were included as a partial proxy for variations in monitoring wells’ susceptibilities to earthquake-induced persistent water-level changes. Marginal probabilities have been calculated as a function of PGV and related to modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) levels using a New Zealand-specific MMI–PGV relationship that enables the likelihood of persistent water-level changes to be expressed for MMIs of II–VIII. This study capitalizes on one of the largest catalogs of earthquake hydrological observations compiled worldwide and is the first attempt at incorporating seismic and hydrogeological factors in a common probabilistic description of earthquake-induced groundwater-level changes. This modeling framework provides a more generalizable approach to quantifying responses than alternative metrics based on epicentral distance, magnitude, and seismic energy density. It has potential to enable better comparison of international studies and to inform practitioners making engineering or investment decisions to mitigate risk and increase the resilience of water-supply infrastructure.

scholarly journals Evaluation of LNAPL Behavior in Water Table Inter-Fluctuate Zone under Groundwater Drawdown Condition

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2337
Author(s):  
Reza Azimi ◽  
Abdorreza Vaezihir ◽  
Robert Lenhard ◽  
S. Hassanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Injection Point ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Injection Water ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Material Grain Size

We investigate the movement of LNAPL (light non-aqueous phase liquid) into and out of monitoring wells in an immediate-scale experimental cell. Aquifer material grain size and LNAPL viscosity are two factors that are varied in three experiments involving lowering and rising water levels. There are six monitoring wells at varying distances from a LNAPL injection point and a water pumping well. We established steady water flow through the aquifer materials prior to LNAPL injection. Water pumping lowered the water levels in the aquifer materials. Terminating water pumping raised the water levels in the aquifer materials. Our focus was to record the LNAPL thickness in the monitoring wells under transient conditions. Throughout the experiments, we measured the elevations of the air-LNAPL and LNAPL-water interfaces in the monitoring wells to obtain the LNAPL thicknesses in the wells. We analyze the results and give plausible explanations. The data presented can be employed to test multiphase flow numerical models.

Alcohol and Politics in France

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
The North ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

“On jongle trop avec la structure d'un Pays qui a été, dans le monde, le défenseur de l'individu, de la liberté, du sens de la mesure. Un petit paysan sur sa terre, n'est-il pas humainement autre chose que le chômeur de demain ou l'ouvrier qui sera condamné à fabriquer toute sa vie des boulons?”Le Betteravier Français, September 1956, page 1.Large-scale state intervention in the alcohol market in France dates from World War I, when the government committed itself to encourage the production of alcohol. Two chief reasons then lay back of this decision: a huge supply of alcohol was needed for the manufacture of gunpowder, and the devastation of the beet-growing regions of the north had severely limited production of beet alcohol, thereby throwing the domestic market out of balance. A law of 30 June 1916, adopted under emergency procedure, established a state agency empowered to purchase alcohol. At the end of the war, a decree of 1919 accorded the government the right “provisionally” to maintain the state monopoly. In 1922 the beetgrowers and winegrowers gave their support to the principle of a state monopoly which, in effect, reserved the industrial market for beet alcohol and the domestic market for viticulture. In 1931 the state was authorized to purchase alcohol distilled from surplus wine.

scholarly journals Agama dan Pernikahan Pasangan Beda Agama di Sendangmulyo Semarang

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Irma Putri Fatimah ◽  
Amirudin Amirudin ◽  
Af'idatul Lathifah
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
Interfaith Marriage ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interfaith Marriages ◽  
The Right

Marriage is the dream of every couple, where marriage is one of the highest forms of commitment in every individual relationship that makes love. In practice marriage is the dream of every couple to continue to be together to build a household. However, the couple's desire now becomes complicated when the marriage is difficult because of different religious beliefs. The difficulty of the legality of interfaith marriages in Indonesia becomes a polemic of interfaith couples in carrying out their marriage legally in the state or religion or even opposition faced with the family. Given this interfaith marriage today is still intensively carried out even though in practice it is difficult to implement and many problems will arise in the future. Indonesia is indeed known as a multicultural nation where differences in culture and religion are inevitable, one of which is the phenomenon of interfaith marriages now that Indonesia has five legitimate religions and streams of belief that are still developing in modern society. The state agency appointed to legalize the holy marriage is still a long-standing polemic for some couples who want to formalize their marriage. However, because they want to keep each of their beliefs, the state fully regulates marriages that require couples to marry with the same beliefs and religions, whereas in practice citizens are free to make their own choices and have the right to be happy in determining their life choices, including in terms of marriage and determining their life partners each

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