COMPARING CRUDE OIL TOXICITY UNDER STANDARD AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURES

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 1003-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Pace ◽  
James R. Clark ◽  
Gail E. Bragin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Real World ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT Standard aquatic toxicity tests do not address real-world, spiked exposure scenarios that occur during oil spills. We evaluated differences in toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed Kuwait crude oil to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) under continuous and spiked (half-life of 2 hours) exposure conditions. The 96-hr LC50s for physically dispersed oil were 0.78 mg/L (continuous) and >2.9 mg/L (spiked), measured as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Values for chemically dispersed oil were 0.98 mg/L (continuous) and 17.7 mg/L (spiked) TPH. Continuous-exposure tests may overestimate the potential for toxic effects under real-world conditions by a factor of 18 or more.

EVALUATION OF DISPERSANTS FOR USE IN THE AZERBAIJAN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afag Abbasova ◽  
Khabiba Bagirova ◽  
Gary Campbell ◽  
James Clark ◽  
Ronnie Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Test Organisms

ABSTRACT Open marine water (salinity 30–35°/00) is the environment where dispersants are used most frequently in oil spill response. In the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, offshore oil and gas reserves are being developed in areas where salinity ranges from 10 to 12 °loo. Because salinity can affect dispersant efficacy and toxicity, the effectiveness and aquatic toxicity of six commercially available dispersants were tested using Azerbaijan crude oil, Caspian species and 12°/oo seawater. Effectiveness for the dispersants tested with Chirag crude oil and Caspian seawater ranged from 72% to 86%, using USEPA's baffled flask method. Dispersant toxicities were in the ranges: diatom (Chaetoceros tenuissimus) 72 hr EC50 (effective concentrations inhibiting growth rate by 50%) 18 to > 100 mg/l; copepod (Calanipeda aquae dulcis) 48 hr LC50 (effective concentration for immobilizing 50% test organisms) 12 to 49 mg/l; amphipod (Pontogammarus maeoticus) 48 hr LC50 (concentration lethal to 50% test organisms) 50 to > 100 mg/l. For dispersant use, the key toxicity concern is that of dispersed oil, not dispersant. Aquatic toxicity was determined for water—accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Chirag crude in Caspian seawater. Toxicity results for the WAFs were: diatom 72 hr EC50 > 10,000 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 3.9 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 >15 mg/l. Chirag crude was mixed with dispersant at 20:1 oil: dispersant ratio and resulting WAFs were tested for toxicity. Results were: diatom 72 hr EC50 < 18 to 208 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 2.1 to 37 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 20 to 89 mg/l. Dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity for Caspian species are similar to published toxicity data for marine species tested at typical ocean salinity. Prolonged exposure (24 to 96hrs.) to constant concentrations of dispersant or dispersed oil used in laboratory tests may overestimate potential field toxicity, where dilution and mixing can decrease concentrations to low ppm's within hours of application. Dispersant use decisions for any Caspian Sea oil spills will focus on net environmental benefits of moving oil into the water column where it can be quickly diluted compared to potentially greater impacts from oil reaching nearshore environments.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) by Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation in Water with Floating Oil Spill Containment Booms as Bioreactor Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Khalid Sayed ◽  
Lavania Baloo ◽  
Naresh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Petroleum Refinery Effluent

A crude oil spill is a common issue during offshore oil drilling, transport and transfer to onshore. Second, the production of petroleum refinery effluent is known to cause pollution due to its toxic effluent discharge. Sea habitats and onshore soil biota are affected by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as a pollutant in their natural environment. Crude oil pollution in seawater, estuaries and beaches requires an efficient process of cleaning. To remove crude oil pollutants from seawater, various physicochemical and biological treatment methods have been applied worldwide. A biological treatment method using bacteria, fungi and algae has recently gained a lot of attention due to its efficiency and lower cost. This review introduces various studies related to the bioremediation of crude oil, TPH and related petroleum products by bioaugmentation and biostimulation or both together. Bioremediation studies mentioned in this paper can be used for treatment such as emulsified residual spilled oil in seawater with floating oil spill containment booms as an enclosed basin such as a bioreactor, for petroleum hydrocarbons as a pollutant that will help environmental researchers solve these problems and completely clean-up oil spills in seawater.

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS AND MINERAL FINES ON PARTITIONING OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN NATURAL SEAWATER

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Zhengkai Li ◽  
Thomas King ◽  
Paul Kepkay ◽  
Michel C Boufadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Aliphatic And Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mineral Aggregates

ABSTRACT The interaction of chemical dispersants and suspended sediments with crude oil influences the fate and transport of oil spills in coastal waters. Recent wave tank studies have shown that dispersants facilitate the dissipation of oil droplets into the water column and reduces the particle size distribution of oil-mineral aggregates (OMAs). In this work, baffled flasks were used to carry out a controlled laboratory experimental study to define the effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on the partitioning of crude oil, major fractions of oil, and petroleum hydrocarbons from the surface to the bulk water column and the sediment phases. The dissolved and dispersed oil in the aqueous phase and OMA was characterized using an Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectroscopy (UVFS). The distribution of major fractions of crude oil (the alkanes, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) was analyzed by thin layer chromatography coupled to flame ionized detection (TLC/FID); aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results suggest that chemical dispersants enhanced the transfer of oil from the surface to the water column as dispersed oil, and promoted the formation of oil-mineral aggregates in the water column. Interaction of chemically dispersed oil with suspended particular materials needs to be considered in order to accurately assess the environmental risk associated with chemical oil dispersant use in particle-rich nearshore and esturine waters. The results from this study indicate that there is not necessarily an increase in sedimentation of oil in particle rich water when dispersants are applied.

Efficiency and Kinetics of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) Removal from Crude Oil Polluted Arable Soil using Palm Bunch Ash and Tween 80

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin James Udo ◽  
Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong ◽  
Alfreda Nwadinigwe ◽  
Clement O. Obadimu ◽  
Aniedi E. Nyong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Arable Soil ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Palm Bunch

scholarly journals Production of CO2 in crude oil bioremediation in clay soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (spe) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro José Baptista ◽  
Magali Christe Cammarota ◽  
Denize Dias de Carvalho Freire
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Before And After

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in clay soil a 45-days experiment. The experiment was conducted using an aerobic fixed bed reactor, containing 300g of contaminated soil at room temperature with an air rate of 6 L/h. The growth medium was supplemented with 2.5% (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 and 0.035% (w/w) KH2PO4. Biodegradation of the crude oil in the contaminated clay soil was monitored by measuring CO2 production and removal of organic matter (OM), oil and grease (OandG), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), measured before and after the 45-days experiment, together with total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial count. The best removals of OM (50%), OandG (37%) and TPH (45%) were obtained in the bioreactors in which the highest CO2 production was achieved.

A Mathematical Model of Evaporation and Dissolution From Oil Spills on Ice, Land, Water and Under Ice

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Leinonen ◽  
D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Mass Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Evaporation Flux ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Mathematical models are presented which quantify the processes of evaporation and dissolution of components of crude oil in three situations: a spill on water, a spill on ice, and a spill under ice cover in which the oil lies between the water and ice phases. Constant spill area is assumed. The evaporation flux is calculated using a mass transfer coefficient based on windspeed and spill dimensions. The dissolution flux can be calculated from two models, a mass transfer coefficient approach and an eddy diffusivity approach involving the integration of a set of partial differential equations in depth and time. The selection of model parameters is discussed. For the three physical situations, using a synthetic crude oil, results are presented giving the relative rates of evaporation and dissolution and the aqueous phase concentration of selected hydrocarbons. The implications of the results for clean-up technology and aquatic toxicity are discussed, particularly with regard to spills under ice.

scholarly journals Development of an Algorithm for Chemically Dispersed Oil Spills

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merv F. Fingas ◽  
Kaan Yetilmezsoy ◽  
Majid Bahramian
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Chemical Dispersion ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

An algorithm utilizing four basic processes was described for chemical oil spill dispersion. Initial dispersion was calculated using a modified Delvigne equation adjusted to chemical dispersion, then the dispersion was distributed over the mixing depth, as predicted by the wave height. Then the droplets rise to the surface according to Stokes’ law. Oil on the surface, from the rising oil and that undispersed, is re-dispersed. The droplets in the water column are subject to coalescence as governed by the Smoluchowski equation. A loss is invoked to account for the production of small droplets that rise slowly and are not re-integrated with the main surface slick. The droplets become less dispersible as time proceeds because of increased viscosity through weathering, and by increased droplet size by coalescence. These droplets rise faster as time progresses because of the increased size. Closed form solutions were provided to allow practical limits of dispersibility given inputs of oil viscosity and wind speed. Discrete solutions were given to calculate the amount of oil in the water column at specified points of time. Regression equations were provided to estimate oil in the water column at a given time with the wind speed and oil viscosity. The models indicated that the most important factor related to the amount of dispersion, was the mixing depth of the sea as predicted from wind speed. The second most important factor was the viscosity of the starting oil. The algorithm predicted the maximum viscosity that would be dispersed given wind conditions. Simplified prediction equations were created using regression.

THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON THE BRAIN CORAL DIPLOMA STRIGOSA (DANA)—A SUMMARY REVIEW

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Knap ◽  
Sheila C. Wyers ◽  
Richard E. Dodge ◽  
Thomas D. Sleeter ◽  
Harold R. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil

ABSTRACT The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zoo-xanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-I4C) -phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure.

COOPERATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND DISPERSED OIL TO MARINE ORGANISMS: A 3-YEAR FLORIDA STUDY

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1237-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Wetzel ◽  
Edward S. Van Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Exposure Conditions

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryllina, and S. ocellatus. Fresh VCO appears to be much more toxic to M. bahia and M. beryllina than weathered VCO in spiked exposure tests for both the WAF and CE-WAF. The WAF of PBCO is apparently less toxic to the test organisms than the corresponding WAF of fresh VCO. The LC50 values of M. bahia with CE-WAF fractions of both fresh VCO and PBCO are similar, while the same PBCO CE-WAF fraction is less toxic for M. beryllina than fresh VCO CE-WAF. The toxicity of oils and dispersants were lowest in the spiked exposure weathered oil tests, which may be most representative of an oil spill under natural environmental conditions.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF DTox: A QUANTITATIVE DATABASE OF THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 733-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana C. Bejarano ◽  
Valerie Chu ◽  
Jeff Dahlin ◽  
Jim Farr
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemically Dispersed Oil ◽  
Data Source ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The Deepwater Horizon oil spill revived discussions on the use of dispersants as an oil spill countermeasure. One of the greatest concerns regarding the use of dispersants deals with potential exposure of water column organisms to high concentrations of oil. While toxicity data on dispersants and physically and chemically dispersed oil have been generated for decades under controlled laboratory conditions, the practical use of this information has been limited by the lack of a centralized data repository. As a result, the Dispersant and Chemically Dispersed Oil Toxicity Database (DTox) was created to address that shared need of unrestricted and rapid access to toxicity data. DTox is a quantitative database that gathers existing toxicity data through a careful review and compilation of data extracted from the peer-review and gray literature. Through a rigorously evaluation of the quality of each data source, this database contains pertinent information including species scientific name, life stage tested, dispersant name, exposure type, oil weathering stage, exposure duration, etc. More importantly, this database contains effects concentrations reported on measured or nominal basis. Within the database, each data source is assigned an applicability score based on their relevance to oil spills. Key criteria in the determination of source applicability include exposure type, reported effects concentrations, and reported analytical chemistry. Information in DTox has been further integrated into a user-friendly tool that allows for on-the-fly data searches and data plotting in the form of Species Sensitivity Distributions. To date, +400 papers have been evaluated for potential inclusion into the database, and data extracted from +170 sources. Despite inherent limitations, existing toxicity data are of great value to the oil spill scientific community. Although toxicity data will never be enough to answer all toxicity questions regarding the use of dispersants, this centralized data repository can help inform decisions on dispersant use and can help identify data needs and gaps. The ultimate goal of this tool is its contribution to a better understanding of the biological effects of dispersants and oil in the aquatic environment.

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