scholarly journals Comparison for the Effectiveness of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa Bulbs and Allium sativum Cloves against Bulinus globosus (Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis) in Sokoto, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. Suleiman ◽  
Kiran Singh ◽  
A. Y. Bala ◽  
M. T. Muhammad ◽  
A. Abdullahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Health Organization

Synthetic molluscicides widely used for the control of urinary schistosomiasis are expensive, toxic to non-target organisms, not available and may have deleterious long-term effects in the environment. The aim of this research is to compare the efficacy of column purified fractions of Allium cepa and Allium sativum against Bulinus globosus specimens (intermediate host of urinary schistosomiasis) under laboratory conditions as an increment for the cheaper, non-toxic, available way of controlling urinary schistosomiasis. Extracts were obtained using cold maceration method with methanol as a polar solvent; column purification was achieved using silica gel (stationary phase) while ethyl acetate and n-hexane (mobile phase); thirteen fractions were collected from each plant and each fraction contained 10ml of the eluent; the fractions were left open for 48 hours for evaporation of the solvents. Experiments were performed according to the methodology described by the World Health Organization for molluscicidal activity tests; each treatment was replicated three times; mortality was recorded after each 24 hours up to 96 hours. The results showed that; A. sativum was more effective against B. globosus as compared with A. cepa with statistical significant difference (P<0.05) and LC50 were 15.60mg/l and 19.37mg/l for the efficacy of A. cepa and A. sativum respectively. It was concluded that, although, A. cepa purified fractions are more effective than A. sativum against B. globosus, both of the plants species may be helpful in snail control at acceptable doses since the plant extracts caused mortality of the snail.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL RECURRENCES AND INTERVENTION PROPOSAL FOR PATIENTS FOLLOWING BARIATRIC SURGERY

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Aída M. Reséndiz Barragán ◽  
Mariana A. Sierra Murguía
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Behavioral Group ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Bariatric Surgery

Obesity has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an epidemic, due to a growth trend in obesity rates over the past 60 years and it is estimated that by 2015 there will be approximately 2.3 billion overweighed adults and 700 million obese adults worldwide. Bariatric surgery has shown to be the most effective intervention for the treatment of severe obesity with better long-term results. While most post-operative patients of bariatric surgery show improvement in psychopathology and quality of life, psychological recurrences have been identified thereafter. It has been reported that for people who have not been able to implement changes in their lifestyle, the result of the operation may not be optimal and may even be counterproductive with undesirable outcomes, such as recovery of lost weight, malnutrition, depression and anxiety, as well as using food as a soothing agent to stressful stimuli, present failures in following the diet, as well as dissatisfaction with the staff of the clinic In recent years the number of bariatric surgeries performed annually has tripled showing a tendency to continue increasing, psychosocial and behavioral factors play a fundamental role in the long- term effects of the surgery; for this reason, the objective of this study is to describe the main psychological recurrences after bariatric surgery as well as a proposal for post-surgical cognitive behavioral group psychological support. Key words: bariatric surgery, obesity, post bariatric surgery, psychological intervention.

Chemical Profiling, Larvicidal Activity and Antihemolytic Property of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L. Essential Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 945-958
Author(s):  
Durgadevi P ◽  
◽  
Sumathi P ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Health Organization

Essential oils are plant derived concentrates of the secondary metabolites responsible for the aromatic flavor attributing to its various medicinal properties. Fresh Allium sativum (A. sativum) and Allium cepa (A. cepa) were subjected to steam distillation for isolation of essential oil characterized by performing Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Chromatogram of the essential oil depicted the presence diallyl sulfide (5.35%), 2-(2’-carbamoylphenoxy)-butanoic acid (2.64%), 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene (0.42%), diallyl disulphide (18.76%), 3-(2-thia-4-pentenyl)-1-thia-cyclohex-5-ene (1.09%) and dimethyl tetrasulphide (0.15%), 2,4-dimethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one (47.91%), 2,4-Thiazolidinedione (0.01%), 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-1,3-dinitrobenzene (5.93%), 6-Methoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (47.91%) in A. sativum and A.cepa respectively. Larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi (A. Stephensi) was assessed by following the standard protocol of World Health Organization. The 50% lethality (LC50) of A. stephensi larvae was observed at 265.96 ± 1.88 ppm and 357.14 ± 2.36 ppm of A. sativum and A. cepa essential oil correspondingly. The mortality rate of the larvae was both time and dose dependent. Besides, the in vitro antihemolytic activity of the essential oil was also assessed using Sheep erythrocytes. The erythrocyte lysis was inhibited by the essential oils of both A. sativum and A. cepa in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 of 427.35 ± 1.23 μl and 549.45 ± 1.38 μl respectively. On a comparative assessment between the essential oils of A. sativum and A. cepa, the former exhibited better larvicidal activity against the disease-causing vector, A. stephensi. Still, both could serve as potent insecticidal agents after further identification of the responsible chemical compound and its mode of action.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic endocystectomy in patients with liver echinococcosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
T E Mukantayev
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Complications ◽  
Cyst Size ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Health Organization

Aim. To evaluate the efficiency and to review the indications for laparoscopic endocystectomy in liver echinococcosis.Methods. The results of laparoscopic endocystectomy in 86 patients treated for liver echinococcosis compared to cystectomy by laparotomy in 159 patients are presented.Results. Optimal characteristics for laparoscopic endocystectomy were types CL, CE1-CE3 of cystic echinococcosis according to cystic echinococcosis ultrasonic classification by H.A. Gharbi (1981) modified by World Health Organization (2003) with cysts localized in 2-6 liver segments; partial superficial location of cysts; cyst size not less than 5 cm; no cysts in 1, 7 and 8 liver segments or deeply located cysts of any size, as well as cysts of CE4-CE5 types. Of the 86 cases in which laparoscopic endocystectomy was completed successfully, in 4 patients the surgery was continued by a laparotomy access. The reasons for the continuation with laparotomy were unsuccessful attempts for stable hemostasis at resection of liver fibrous capsule excesses (1 case), presence of large fistula between the cyst and components of the biliary system at the bottom of the fibrous cavity (2 patients), and location of the second cyst in the segment unavailable for laparoscopic manipulation (1 case). The frequency of early complications after laparoscopic endocystectomy was 15.1% (p=0.23). Relapse occurred in 1 (1.2%) patient (p=0.23). Comparative assessment of echinococcosis recurrence risk in different periods (Kaplan-Meier analysis) after laparoscopic interventions and laparotomy, both followed by albendazole treatment, did not identify any statistically significant differences.Conclusion. The early and long-term effects of laparoscopic endocystectomy in liver echinococcosis are not inferior to conventional laparotomy if indications are strictly followed.

scholarly journals Health Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in the Control of Malaria in Endemic Regions, Revised

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1631-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebere C. Anyanwu ◽  
John E. Ehiri ◽  
Ijeoma Kanu ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Health Organization

The endemicity of malaria in tropical areas of the world persists, especially in countries south of Saharan Africa. The efforts and concerns invested by the World Health Organization and other health agencies to eradicate malaria are commendable. However, in spite of all these efforts, the loss in economic and human resources continues. In a previous report, the long-term health effects of insecticide-impregnated bednet (IIBN) use were highlighted with the expectation of attracting serious thoughts and further research on the issue. This present paper is an update on that expectation. Results from a comprehensive literature search show that not much work has been done on the effects of long-term exposure to IIBNs in combating malarial infection. The efficacy of IIBNs is not in question. What is in question is whether long-term exposure to IIBNs have any health effects. The aims and outcomes of the research found in the literature on the subject to date seem to support only the efficacy of the temporal use of plain bednets, but not the use of IIBNs, and do not tell much about the long-term effects of IIBN exposure. All pesticides are toxic by nature and present risks of adverse effects. While there is agreement that IIBNs can be effective in reducing malarial morbidity and mortality under field trials, a number of factors relating to their long-term-exposure health effects have yet to be determined. Further reliable research projects are recommended urgently. However, some of the anticipated behavioral effects caused by insecticidal use will be avoided by the use of untreated nets instead.

scholarly journals To conform or not to conform? Legal norms and human behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Delmastro
Keyword(s):  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Consumption Choices ◽  
Western Democracy ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Efficacy is one of the essential elements of laws and norms. In this paper I focus on the so-called “primary efficacy of legal norms, by measuring the level of compliance of citizens with norms introduced to counter the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this analysis is carried out on Italy which was the first western democracy to face the pandemic and its effects. However, the norms considered take on a more general significance, since they mostly derive from the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and were introduced widespread. To gather relevant data on citizens compliance with the norms, geographical factors, psychological characteristics and (mis)information consumption choices, we adopt a multidisciplinary perspective combining a traditional consumer survey with an experiment design focused on individual mood and perceptions. The results of the analysis allow to evaluate the expected short- and long-term effects of the norms, both with reference to those posed to combat the pandemic, and to social norms more generally.

scholarly journals Molluscicidal Potential of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa against Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis (Bulinus globosus) in Sokoto, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. Suleiman ◽  
K. Singh ◽  
A. Y. Bala ◽  
M. T. Muhammad ◽  
M. S. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Laboratory Condition ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

Potential of column purified fractions of Allium cepa bulb against intermediate hosts of urinary schistosomiasis (Bulinus globosus) was conducted in laboratory condition. The fresh bulbs of A. cepa were purchased from Ramin Kura market of Sokoto, identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. The bulbs were sliced into pieces, air dried and powdered. Extracts were obtained using methanol as polar then purified with silica gel as a stationary phase while N-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1) as the mobile phase. Thirteen fractions each fraction containing 10 ml of the effluent was collected, the collected extracts were left open for evaporation for 48 hours. Ten adult B. globosus were immersed in 3liters of water containing different concentrations of the fraction and each treatment was replicated three times with control in the same condition without treatment, observations were recorded after 24 hours up to 96 hours. The toxicity experiment showed that fractions (F7, F8, F6 and F9) were most toxic fractions, LC50 after 96 hours was 19.371 mg/l. based on findings from this research it can be concluded that, A. Cepa was very potent and can be used for control of B. globosus in order to prevent urinary schistosomiasis infection in endemic areas and drugs industries may use the extracts of these plants for production of molluscicides.

scholarly journals Comparison for the Efficacy of Column Purified Fractions of Sinna occidentalis and Moringa oleifera against Bulinus globosus (Intermediate Host of Schistosoma haematobium) from Goronyo and Shagari Dams, Sokoto State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Suleiman ◽  
M. T. Muhammad ◽  
S. Y. Lema ◽  
A. Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Although, used of molluscicides to control the intermediate host of schistosomes is the best method of choice to control the spread of the snail fever among the people, synthetic molluscicides widely used are cost effective, not available and toxic to the aquatic lives and people that are completely or partially dependents on rivers or lakes water for their everyday supplement. Aim: this research was aimed at investigation and comparison for the molluscicidal efficacy for S. occidentalis and M. oleifera leaves extracts against B. globosus (intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium). Methodology: Each of the plant was grinded into powder and purified through column using different solvents, B. globosus snails were collected from Shagari and Goronyo dams; we identified the animal using chart initially, later on the animals were confirmed as B. globosus by malacologist from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria; the Molluscicidal efficacy of the plants was tested against B. globosus and compared according to world health organization guidelines; mortality was calculated using Abbort’s formula and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there is significant different between the mean mortality at P<0.05; qualitative Phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the chemicals presence in each plant and their combination. Results: Present study reviled that fractions of the leaves combination showed significantly higher mortality of B. globosus in the present study followed by Fractions of S. occidentalis then that of M. oleifera. For the plants combination, extracts purified using methanol are highly toxic followed by fractions purified using hexane, then ethyl acetate fractions and least Molluscicidal potential was recorded in the fractions obtained using ethanol. S. occidentalis fractions of hexane were highly toxic followed by fractions of methanol, then fractions of ethyl acetate and least mortality was recorded from the fractions of ethanol. Similarly, for the M. oleifera, it was observed that, fractions of Methanol were highly toxic followed by hexane fractions then ethanol fractions and least mortality was observed in the fractions of ethyl acetate. Conclusion: Column purified fractions for the combination for two plants leaves were highly potent for the control of B. globosus followed by S. occidentalis then M. oleifera.  

scholarly journals Chromosomal aberrations induced by cassava industrial effluent using Allium Cepa assay

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 097-104
Author(s):  
Gbenga Olorunshola Alege ◽  
Chinenye Sylvia Anyoku ◽  
Comfort Kehinde Olubiyo ◽  
Gloria Taiye Olubiyo ◽  
Blessing Adejoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Compliance To Treatment ◽  
Health Organization

This study assessed the heavy metal compositions and chromosome aberrations induced by cassava industrial effluent using Allium cepa meristem assay. Effluent collected at the point of discharge from the cassava processing factory located at Lokoja, Kogi State Nigeria was analyzed for quantity of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel Ni, Cobalt (Co) and Lead (Pb) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. Onion (Allium cepa) roots were allowed to grow in beakers containing different concentrations of cassava industrial effluent (i.e. 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and the control for 24 hours. Harvesting of the tips for chromosome observations was carried out between 8:00 to 9:00am West Africa Time. Data pooled under X400 magnification of the light microscope for mitotic phases and chromosome aberrations were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while means with significant difference across concentrations were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results revealed that only Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) concentrations in the effluent were higher than the minimum values recommended by World Health Organization. The effluent also produce binucleate cells, variant chromosomes, C-mitosis, vacuolated cells, tripolar anaphase and anaphase bridge which suggests the mutagenic and cytotoxic activities of the industrial effluent. The decrease in the Mitotic Indices (MI) of effluent-treated root cells compared to the control indicates mito-depressive ability of the effluent at every concentration. Regular monitoring of industries for compliance to treatment of effluent before releasing them into the environment is recommended.

Presence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface water and drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2143-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
State Of The Science

Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface waters in the nano- to microgram per liter range, and in drinking water in the nanogram/L range. The environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters have been evaluated and generally found to be low if the wastewater is treated before release to the environment. The human health risks of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in drinking water have however not been evaluated in any great depth. Preliminary screening level assessments suggest risk to be low – but the public and decision-makers are concerned and would like the matter investigated more thoroughly, especially with regards to mixture effects, chronic long-term effects and sensitive sub-populations. The World Health Organization is currently evaluating the need for credible health based guidance associated with low concentrations of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. The aim of this paper is to summarize the state-of-the-science and the ongoing international debate on the topic.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Smart COVID-19 Approach to Lockdown and its Empirical Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghaffar ◽  
Mubbasher Munir ◽  
Osama Aziz ◽  
Rada Alhajj ◽  
Asif Sanaullah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Second Wave

COVID-19 is a new and contagious disease that has changed human lifestyle and habits globally according to the directions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Until some authentic remedy or vaccine becomes available, every country is providing instructions to its public to follow precautionary measures. These measures may include lockdown, social distancing, restricting movement, and educating public about COVID-19. Lockdown is the most applied and successful way to control the virus spread and it remains helpful in curtailing the spike. However, it adversely affects developing countries like Pakistan. All types of lockdown disrupt the life of the poor and the middle class. In this paper, an intelligent-smart approach is suggested for developing countries as against complete lockdown to handle the pandemic. This approach will show the long-term results needed for controlling COVID-19 without creating any major disturbance in the economy. In this paper, evidence based approaches were used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of the daily increasing number of cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that Sindh, which has the maximum number of COVID-19 cases, is better in implementing smart lockdown as compared to other administrative regions of Pakistan. As the risk of the second wave of COVID-19 is enhanced, it would be effective to continue the intelligent-smart approach with mild SOPs to avoid the disastrous effects of COVID-19 in the future. Received Date: May 14, 2020, Last Received:  December 10, 2020 Acceptance:  December  25, 2020  

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