scholarly journals Growth and Gas Exchange Responses of Maize and Banana Plants in an Intercrop with Agroforestry Tree Species in Vihiga County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-51
Author(s):  
Wamalwa Dennis Simiyu ◽  
David Mutisya Musyimi ◽  
Phoebe Anyango Sikuku ◽  
Duncan George Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Oxide Concentration ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Agroforestry trees have been reported to improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, coupled with leaves and twig decomposition. High human population pressure in Vihiga County has led to reduced land area under farming. This has resulted into increased demand for food and consequently forced smallholder farmers in the region to carry out poor farming practices such as continuous cultivation and clearing of trees to avail more land for crop production. The poor farming practices have occasioned severe land degradation, climate change and reduced farm productivity. However, it is not known how intercropping maize and banana with Sesbania sesban, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena diversifolia impacts on the growth and gas exchange parameters of maize and banana. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of intercropping agroforestry tree species with maize and banana on maize and banana height, leaf area, number of leaves, stem diameter, intercellular Carbon (IV) oxide concentration, transpiration rate and net photosynthesis in Vihiga County. The study was conducted at Maseno university farm located in Vihiga County in Kenya. The Williams varieties of banana of the same age were obtained from KALRO-Thika. Seeds of selected agroforestry trees were obtained from KEFRI – Muguga, planted in a seedbed and the seedlings raised in nurseries before being transplanted in the study plots. Hybrid maize seed (H513) was purchased from an agrovet. Banana holes were dug 2x2 feet, 20 Kg of decomposed cow dung manure + 20 Kg of top soil + 200g of NPK fertilizer added in each banana hole before planting. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications was used with seven treatment levels of unfertilized Maize (M), Banana (B), Maize + Banana + Calliandra (MBC), Maize+ Banana+ Leucaena (MBL), Maize+ Banana+ Sesbania (MBS), Maize + Banana (MB) and Fertilized Maize (MF). Maize was planted at 0.75 m inter row by 0.3 m spacing. Fifteen (15) tagged maize and four (4) banana plants in each plot were sampled for measurement of height, number of green leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, intercellular Carbon (IV) oxide concentration, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate. The data was subjected to Analysis of Variance using Genstat statistical package version 15.2. Means were separated using Fischers’ protected LSD test at 95% confidence level. The MBS treatment showed higher growth in terms of height, leaf area, number of leaves and stem diameter throughout the study period. Increased growth seen under fertilized maize was not significantly different from those under MBS. Gas exchange responses had no significant differences (p≤0.05) among most treatments. However, agroforestry tree species had shown higher intercellular Carbon (IV) oxide concentration, transpiration rates and net photosynthesis of maize and banana plants. Sesbania sesban reported maximum intercellular Carbon (IV) oxide concentration, transpiration rates and net photosynthesis as compared to those treatments without agroforestry trees. Therefore, incorporating nitrogen-fixing trees in farming could have a positive impact on growth, increased carbon (IV) oxide intake, transpiration rates and net photosynthetic rate. Sesbania sesban promoted growth and recorded higher gas exchange parameters of maize and banana. These findings may be used to advice smallholder farmers of Vihiga County on the best intercropping system and agroforestry tree species to adopt for maximum maize and banana yield.

scholarly journals Growth of hydroponic lettuce with optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Antonio F. Monteiro Filho ◽  
Márcia R. Q. A. Azevedo ◽  
Carlos A. V. de Azevedo ◽  
Josely D. Fernandes ◽  
Carisa R. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Mineral Solution ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Hydroponic Cultivation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of crisp lettuce in hydroponic cultivation, following the nutrient film technique (NFT), using optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions. The experiment was set in 8 x 3 factorial scheme, with treatments distributed in randomized blocks and split plots, with three replicates. The plots corresponded to eight nutrient solutions, of which four were mineral solutions with chemical composition suggested by Bernardes, Furlani, Castellane & Araújo and Ueda, and four were organomineral solutions, suggested by this research with chemical composition similar to those of the previously mentioned mineral solutions. The subplots corresponded to three varieties of crisp lettuce: Thaís, Vanda and Verônica. At 25 days after transplanting, the following parameters were evaluated: stem and crown diameter, root length, leaf area and number of leaves. For stem and crown diameters and number of leaves, the mineral solutions promoted the highest means. The mineral solution of Furlani and the organomineral solutions, except the modified solution of Castellane & Araújo, promoted the greatest root lengths. The smallest leaf area was obtained in the organomineral solution of Ueda. The cultivar Verônica had the highest root length and stem diameter.

scholarly journals Leaf traits and gas exchange in saplings of native tree species in the Central Amazon

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keila Rego Mendes ◽  
Ricardo Antonio Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content

Global climate models predict changes on the length of the dry season in the Amazon which may affect tree physiology. The aims of this work were to determine the effect of the rainfall regime and fraction of sky visible (FSV) at the forest understory on leaf traits and gas exchange of ten rainforest tree species in the Central Amazon, Brazil. We also examined the relationship between specific leaf area (SLA), leaf thickness (LT), and leaf nitrogen content on photosynthetic parameters. Data were collected in January (rainy season) and August (dry season) of 2008. A diurnal pattern was observed for light saturated photosynthesis (Amax) and stomatal conductance (g s), and irrespective of species, Amax was lower in the dry season. However, no effect of the rainfall regime was observed on g s nor on the photosynthetic capacity (Apot, measured at saturating [CO2]). Apot and leaf thickness increased with FSV, the converse was true for the FSV-SLA relationship. Also, a positive relationship was observed between Apot per unit leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, and between Apot per unit mass and SLA. Although the rainfall regime only slightly affects soil moisture, photosynthetic traits seem to be responsive to rainfall-related environmental factors, which eventually lead to an effect on Amax. Finally, we report that little variation in FSV seems to affect leaf physiology (Apot) and leaf anatomy (leaf thickness).

scholarly journals Pengaruh penambahan auxin terhadap pertunasan dan perakaran kopi arabika perbanyakan Somatic Embryogenesis (The effects of shooting and rooting of arabica coffee propagation through Embryogenesis Somatic auxin uses).

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Rina Arimarsetiowati ◽  
Fitria Ardiyani
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
The Media ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
High Level

Plantlet that has developed shoots and roots will have a high level adaptation in the field. The objective of this experiment was to improve the ability of planlet in shooting and rooting so that it is ready for acclimatization in the field. The increase ability in shooting and rooting of the planlet were conducted by adding various types of auxin in the media. The arabica coffee embryo of clone AS 2K which has entered the phase of the cotyledons was transfered into the treatment media containing half-strength of MS (Murashige & Skoog) macro and micro nutrient, vitamin B5, 30 g/L glucose, 100 ml/L coconut water, 50 mg/L AgNO3 added with the combination of IAA, IBA and NAA. The research was conducted by using completely randomized design with seven combined treatment i.e. 0.1 mg/L IBA, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L IAA; 0 , 1 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L IAA, 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L IAA; without auxin. There were 12 replications in every treatment and each replication consisted of five cotyledonary embryos. The parameters of observation were the root length, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, and height of plantlets. The observations were conducted in eighth weeks after cotyledonary embryo had shoots. The results showed that in the number of leaves and height of planlet parameters, the treatment without auxin was the best result compared to planlet with auxin addition. The addition of auxin varians and their combination did not significantly influent leaf area, root length and stem diameter parameters. The medium tested was optimum for the growth of shoots and roots of AS 2K arabica coffee.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa Dan Pupuk Kompos Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Hairin Juanda ◽  
Tutik Nugrahini ◽  
Mahdalena Mahdalena
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Effect of NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Compost Fertilizer on Kenaf Plant Growth (Hibiscus cannabinus L). This study aims to determine the effect of NASA POC, compost fertilizer and the interaction of NASA POC and compost fertilizer on kenaf plants. This research was carried out at East Borneo Samarinda Indonesia. with a time of ± 4 months, starting from June to September 2016. The design of the study uses factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consists of 2 factors. The first factor is the administration of NASA POC consisting of 4 levels, namely: j0: Control (without treatment), j1: POC with a concentration of 10 ml / liter of water, j2: POC with a concentration of 15 ml / liter of water, j3: POC with a concentration of 20 ml / liter of water. The second factor is Compost fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely: k0: Without the provision of Compost Fertilizer, k1: Composting 500 gram / polybag, k2: Composting Fertilizer 700 grams / polybag, k3: Composting 800 grams / polybag. From the analysis of variance showed that the effect of giving NASA POC (J), compost (K) and the interaction of NASA POC and compost (JK) did not affect the parameters of plant height 30 DAP, 60 DAP and 90 DAP, stem diameter 30 DAP, 60 DAP and 90 DAP, number of leaves 30 DAP, 60 DAP and 90 DAP, leaf area 30 DAP, 60 DAP and 90 DAP. 

The impact of kaolin clay sprays on leaf gas exchange of Ginger Gold apple trees in New Brunswick

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1377-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Privé ◽  
L. Russell ◽  
A. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
The Impact

A field trial was conducted over two growing seasons in a Ginger Gold apple orchard in Bouctouche, New Brunswick, Canada to examine the impact of Surround (95% kaolin clay) on leaf gas exchange [net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci) and transpiration (E)]. In 2004, a greater rate of Pn and gs was achieved at the higher than at the lower frequency of Surround applications. This was particularly notable at leaf temperatures exceeding 35°C. In 2005, no significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences among leaf residue groupings [Trace (< 0.5 g m-2), Low (0.5 to 2 g m-2), and High (≥ 2 g m-2)] were found for the four leaf gas exchange parameters at leaf temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. It would appear that under New Brunswick commercial orchard conditions, the application of Surround favours or has no effect on leaf gas exchange. Key words: Surround, particle film, leaf physiology, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration

Effects of substrate acidity and UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of radishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Irena Januskaitiene
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Growth Substrate ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchange Parameters

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the combined effect of substrate acidity (pH 4.8; pH 3.8) and 1 kJm−2d−1 UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Radishes were sown in a neutral pH 6.5 peat substrate. When the second true leaf unfolded, the growth substrate was acidified using different concentration of H2SO4 and exposed to UV-B radiation for a period of ten days. Gas exchange parameters were measured with the LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. Content of chlorophyll was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results showed that the greatest inhibition of net photosynthesis was observed when radishes were grown in an acidified pH 3.8 substrate. The decrease of the photosynthesis of radish plants treated with both investigated factors (substrate acidity and UV-B) were lower compared to the effect of substrate acidity alone. UV-B radiation stimulated both enzymatic reactions of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of radish plants grown in acidified peat substrates. Also, investigated factors had higher impact on biomass of tuber than biomass of foliage.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Performance of Tetrapleura tetraptera

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
U. L. Edem ◽  
E. E. Ekerette
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The continuous destruction of our rainforest has threatened the existence of many useful and multipurpose plant species such as Tetrapleura tetraptera. To revert this situation, efforts must be made towards its sustainable use by encouraging reforestation which entails raising of seedlings for mass propagation of this crop. This study was aimed at comparing the effects of organic (chicken litter) and inorganic (NPK 15:15:15) fertilizers on seedling growth in four accessions of Tetrapleura tetraptera and hence determining fertilizer preference for this forest species. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with four accessions and three fertilizer types in eight replicates. One month after transplanting, the fertilizers (organic and inorganic) were uniformly applied at the rate of 45 kg/hectare according to the experimental design. Data were collected monthly for a period of three months on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf length, member of branches, number of leaves, primary and secondary internode length per plant. Data on seedling emergence were also taken. Data collected were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance. Least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate significant means at p = 0.05. Result obtained revealed that the soil was rich in calcium, phosphorus and organic matter but low in nitrogen and potassium which were adequately complemented in mean days to seedling emergence in four accessions studied. Our findings also revealed that the organic (chicken litter) fertilizer did better (P<0.05) in all accessions than inorganic (NPK 15:15:15) fertilizer for all morphological traits studied. The performance of Cross River accession was outstanding as illustrated by the significant interaction obtained in most parameters. With chicken, litter fertilizer, Cross River accession produced the tallest plant (27.38 cm), largest leaf area (1.99 cm2), highest number of branches (20.13), highest number of leaves (66.75), longest stem diameter (0.93 cm), longest leaf length (1.94 cm), lowest primary (0.80) and lowest secondary (0.83) internode length. The use of organic fertilizers is therefore recommended for improved seedling growth of Tetrapleura tetraptera.

scholarly journals IMPROVING QUALITY OF CONTAINER-GROWN PEPPER TRANSPLANTS THROUGH FERTILITY MANIPULATION

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 428d-428
Author(s):  
Darbie M. Granberry ◽  
William Terry Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Optimum Height ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Southern Georgia ◽  
Soil Mix ◽  
Intact Root ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

During summer in southern Georgia, greenhouses often reach or exceed 49C. Subsequently, transplants grown in these houses tend to exceed optimum height. To determine effects of N and P fertility levels on pepper (Capsicum annuum) transplant growth, applications of nutrient solutions with 58, 12, and 0 ppm N and 114, 57, and 0 ppm P205 were applied to recently emerged Capistrano bell pepper beginning 12 Aug. 1994. Plants were grown in polystyrene flats using a commercial noncharged artificial soil mix. Nutrient solutions were applied as needed to maintain adequate moisture until 31 Aug., except for two treatments that received only water after 22 Aug. Data were taken on 22 and 31 Aug. With 58 ppm N, 0 P decreased plant height, leaf count, leaf area, and plant weight. Higher N increased plant height, ratings of intact root plugs and washed roots, stem diameter, leaf count, leaf area, and plant weight. At 12 ppm N, P had no significant effect on transplant growth. Withholding fertilizer the final week reduced plant height, ratings of intact root plugs, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and plant weight.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA DOSIS KOMPOS KULIT BUAH KAKAO DAN DOLOMIT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DI MEDIA ULTISOL

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imanuel Jhon Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Seedlings ◽  
Range Test

The aim of research to determine the effect of compost main pod husks and dolomite as well as their interaction on the growth of cocoa seedlings in media ultisol. Research conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau from November 2015 until February 2016. Research in the form of factorial experiment using completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor pod husks compost comprises four levels (0, 75, 100 and 125 g / polybag) and the second factor dolomite consists of three levels (0, 10, and 20 g / polybag), each combination treatment was repeated 3 times. Parameters measured were plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and leaf area. Each parameter the observed data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and test of Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level. The results showed the effect of compost pod husks dose of 125 g / polybag significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area while dolomite dose of 20 g / polybag no real effect except leaf area compared with no treatment. Interaction pod husks compost dose of 100 g / polybag and dolomite dose of 20 g / polybag increase stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area significantly compared without compost pod husks and dolomite but less tangible than other combinations.

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