scholarly journals Changes in Glucosinolates, Sinapine and Flavonols during Seed Development of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Roberto Russo ◽  
Remo Reggiani
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Camelina Seed

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an oilseed crop whose oil is used as biofuel and the meal as animal feed. While the seed composition is widely documented, little is known about variations in the concentration of some compounds during seed development of camelina. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the content of glucosinolates, sinapine, sinapic acid and flavonols (quercetin and koempferol) at different stages of seed maturation. Glucosinolates are accumulated in camelina seed in the first 4 weeks after pollination, while the other substances were transiently accumulated during development and may play a role in seed development.

scholarly journals Engineering a feedback inhibition-insensitive plant dihydrodipicolinate synthase to increase lysine content in Camelina sativa seeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huang ◽  
Cathy Coutu ◽  
Myrtle Harrington ◽  
Kevin Rozwadowski ◽  
Dwayne D. Hegedus
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCamelina sativa (camelina) is emerging as an alternative oilseed crop due to its short growing cycle, low input requirements, adaptability to less favorable growing environments and a seed oil profile suitable for biofuel and industrial applications. Camelina meal and oil are also registered for use in animal and fish feeds; however, like meals derived from most cereals and oilseeds, it is deficient in certain essential amino acids, such as lysine. In higher plants, the reaction catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lysine and is subject to regulation by lysine through feedback inhibition. Here, we report enhancement of lysine content in C. sativa seed via expression of a feedback inhibition-insensitive form of DHDPS from Corynebacterium glutamicums (CgDHDPS). Two genes encoding C. sativa DHDPS were identified and the endogenous enzyme is partially insensitive to lysine inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the impact of alterations, alone and in combination, present in lysine-desensitized DHDPS isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana DHDPS (W53R), Nicotiana tabacum (N80I) and Zea mays (E84K) on C. sativa DHDPS lysine sensitivity. When introduced alone, each of the alterations decreased sensitivity to lysine; however, enzyme specific activity was also affected. There was evidence of molecular or structural interplay between residues within the C. sativa DHDPS allosteric site as coupling of the W53R mutation with the N80V mutation decreased lysine sensitivity of the latter, but not to the level with the W53R mutation alone. Furthermore, the activity and lysine sensitivity of the triple mutant (W53R/N80V/E84T) was similar to the W53R mutation alone or the C. glutamicum DHDPS. The most active and most lysine-insensitive C. sativa DHDPS variant (W53R) was not inhibited by free lysine up to 1 mM, comparable to the C. glutamicums enzyme. Seed lysine content increased 13.6 -22.6% in CgDHDPS transgenic lines and 7.6–13.2% in the mCsDHDPS lines. The high lysine-accumulating lines from this work may be used to produce superior quality animal feed with improved essential amino acid profile.

scholarly journals Genome-edited Camelina sativa with a unique fatty acid content and its potential impact on ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kawall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Multiple Copies

Abstract‘Genome editing’ is intended to accelerate modern plant breeding enabling a much faster and more efficient development of crops with improved traits such as increased yield, altered nutritional composition, as well as resistance to factors of biotic and abiotic stress. These traits are often generated by site-directed nuclease-1 (SDN-1) applications that induce small, targeted changes in the plant genomes. These intended alterations can be combined in a way to generate plants with genomes that are altered on a larger scale than it is possible with conventional breeding techniques. The power and the potential of genome editing comes from its highly effective mode of action being able to generate different allelic combinations of genes, creating, at its most efficient, homozygous gene knockouts. Additionally, multiple copies of functional genes can be targeted all at once. This is especially relevant in polyploid plants such as Camelina sativa which contain complex genomes with multiple chromosome sets. Intended alterations induced by genome editing have potential to unintentionally alter the composition of a plant and/or interfere with its metabolism, e.g., with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as phytohormones or other biomolecules. This could affect diverse defense mechanisms and inter-/intra-specific communication of plants having a direct impact on associated ecosystems. This review focuses on the intended alterations in crops mediated by SDN-1 applications, the generation of novel genotypes and the ecological effects emerging from these intended alterations. Genome editing applications in C. sativa are used to exemplify these issues in a crop with a complex genome. C. sativa is mainly altered in its fatty acid biosynthesis and used as an oilseed crop to produce biofuels.

scholarly journals LEAFY COTYLEDON1 expression in the endosperm enables embryo maturation in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingpu Song ◽  
Xin Xie ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Jie Shu ◽  
Raj K. Thapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Embryo Maturation ◽  
Leafy Cotyledon1 ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Zygote Stage

AbstractThe endosperm provides nutrients and growth regulators to the embryo during seed development. LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) has long been known to be essential for embryo maturation. LEC1 is expressed in both the embryo and the endosperm; however, the functional relevance of the endosperm-expressed LEC1 for seed development is unclear. Here, we provide genetic and transgenic evidence demonstrating that endosperm-expressed LEC1 is necessary and sufficient for embryo maturation. We show that endosperm-synthesized LEC1 is capable of orchestrating full seed maturation in the absence of embryo-expressed LEC1. Inversely, without LEC1 expression in the endosperm, embryo development arrests even in the presence of functional LEC1 alleles in the embryo. We further reveal that LEC1 expression in the endosperm begins at the zygote stage and the LEC1 protein is then trafficked to the embryo to activate processes of seed maturation. Our findings thus establish a key role for endosperm in regulating embryo development.

An Examination of Baker's Acid Haematein Test for Phospholipines

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
A. J. CAIN
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Whole Class ◽  
Dark Blue ◽  
General Explanation

1. Baker's acid haematein test for phospholipines is specific provided that only a definite positively result is considered. Very pale blues and greys may be caused by other lipoids, which if present in very large masses may possibly show medium to dark blue granules but will not be coloured all through. 2. The mechanism of the test appears to be as follows: (a) Phospholipine is not fixed by formal-calcium but is restrained from passing into solution by the calcium ions, which play no other part. (b) Phospholipine combines readily with chromium from the mordanting fluid, and is then rendered insoluble and mordanted. Other substances, acidic and usually containing phosphorus, are mordanted as well. (c) On staining, blue and brown colorations are formed; in both cases the dye attaches itself to the chromium in the various substrates. (d) On differentiation, some browns and most blues, particularly those with phosphoric substrates, remain nearly fast, but most browns and the weak blues of certain lipoids (not phospholipines) are greatly reduced or removed entirely. The period of differentiation must not be shortened. (e) Blue-staining lipoids (phospholipines) are distinguished from other blue-staining substances by an extraction with the lipoid solvent pyridine, after special fixation. The other substances, and any bound lipoid not removable with pyridine, remain. 3. Since the specificity of the test depends on the relatively greater affinity of phospholipines among lipoids for the mordant, the period of chroming must not be lengthened. 4. One reason why some substances are coloured after pyridine extraction but not after acid haematein is that in the former case they are precipitated and so concentrated; in the latter they are not. This is not a general explanation for the whole class of such substances.

Method for the Quantification of Alginate in Microcapsules

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Hallé ◽  
Danielle Landry ◽  
Alain Fournier ◽  
Michèle Beaudry ◽  
Francois A. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensitive Assay ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Alginate Content

Alginate is a key reagent in the preparation of microcapsules for cell transplantation. To address the question of the intracapsular alginate concentration, a sensitive assay has been developed to quantify the alginate content of microcapsules. The method is based on the metachromatic change induced by alginate binding to the dye, 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). The assay has a high sensitivity and precision. It covers a wide concentration range enabling the measurement of alginate in dilute supernatants as well as in microcapsules. For the latter, the membrane is initially dissolved by incubating the microcapsules in an alkaline medium. The effect of potentially interfering substances (poly-l-lysine (PLL), citrate, chloride, sodium) and of pH has been studied. Poly-l-lysine interfered with the assay at pH 6.5 but not at pH 13. Interference by sodium augmented with increasing sodium concentration and reached a plateau at 200 mM. This problem was overcome by routinely adjusting all samples to 500 mM sodium. The other substances tested had a negligible effect on the assay. The reliable measurement of alginate with this new assay will allow the optimization of the intracapsular alginate concentration.

scholarly journals Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) Crop Performance, Insect Pollinators, and Pollen Dispersal in the Northeastern US

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rizzitello ◽  
Chuan-Jie Zhang ◽  
Carol Auer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Pollinating Insects

AbstractCamelina sativa (camelina) is an oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae that has been genetically engineered for the production of biofuels, dietary supplements, and other industrial compounds. Cultivation in North America is both recent and limited, so there are gaps in knowledge regarding yield, weed competition, and pollen-mediated gene flow. For these experiments, camelina ‘SO-40’ was grown for three years without weed control. Spring-sown camelina was harvested at 80-88 days with ∼1200 growing degree days (GDD) with yields of 425-508 kg/hectare. Camelina yields were the same with or without weeds, showing competitive ability in low-management conditions. Crop failure in 2015 was associated with delayed rainfall and above-average temperatures after seeding. Camelina flowers attracted pollinating insects from the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. Hymenoptera included honey bees (Apis melifera), mining bees (Andrenidae), sweat bees (Halictidae), bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachilidae). Insect visitation on camelina flowers was associated with modest increases in seed yield. Honey bees comprised 28-33% of all pollinators and were shown to carry camelina pollen on their legs. Air sampling showed that wind-blown pollen was present at low concentrations at 9 m beyond the edges of the field. These experiments demonstrated for the first time that camelina pollen dispersal could occur through honey bees or wind, although bee activity would likely be more significant for long-distance gene flow.

scholarly journals Camelina sativa meal hydrolysate as sustainable biomass for the production of carotenoids by Rhodosporidium toruloides

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bertacchi ◽  
Maurizio Bettiga ◽  
Danilo Porro ◽  
Paola Branduardi
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Rhodosporidium Toruloides ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Separate Hydrolysis And Fermentation ◽  
Camelina Meal ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract Background: The sustainability of biorefineries is strongly related to the origin, the availability and the market of the biomass used as feedstock. Moreover, one of the pillars of circular economy aims at reducing waste, ideally to zero. These considerations well justify the increasing industrial interest in exploiting many and diverse residual biomasses. This work focuses on the valorization of the leftover from Camelina sativa oil extraction, named Camelina meal. Despite Camelina meal is used as animal feed, there is an increasing interest in further valorizing its macromolecular content or its nutritional value. Results: Here we valorized Camelina meal hydrolysates by using them as nutrient and energy source for shake-flask fermentations where Rhodosporidium toruloides , a yeast natural producer of carotenoids, accumulated these pigments as desired product. Initially, by total acid hydrolysis we determined that in Camelina meal carbohydrates account for a maximum of 30.8 ± 1.0 %. However, since the acid hydrolysis is not optimal for subsequent microbial fermentation, an enzymatic hydrolysis protocol was assessed, obtaining a maximum sugar recovery of 53.3%. Having stated that, by Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation, with or without water insoluble solids (SHF, SHF+WIS), or Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) we obtained 5.51 ± 0.67, 12.64 ± 2.57, and 15.97 ± 0.67 mg/L of carotenoids, respectively, from Camelina meal hydrolysate. Significantly, the presence of WIS, possibly containing microbial inhibitors, correlates with a higher titer of carotenoids, which can be seen as scavengers. Conclusions: The proposed study paves the way for the development of bioprocesses based on the exploitation of Camelina meal, scarcely investigated in the field before, as feedstock. The processes depicted provide an example of how different final products of industrial interests can be obtained from this leftover, such as pure carotenoids and carotenoid-enriched Camelina meal for the feed industry, without diminishing but possibly increasing its initial value. These data provide valuable basis for the economic evaluations necessary to assess the feasibility of a bioprocess based on Camelina meal to obtain high-value added products.

scholarly journals REKONDISI BEBERAPA UKURAN TUBUH TERNAK SAPI PERAH FRIESS HOLLAND DI BALAI PENGEMBANGAN BIBIT DAN PAKAN TERNAK TAMPUSU

ZOOTEC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Renaldo J. Maluhima ◽  
J.H. Manopo ◽  
A. Lomboan ◽  
S.H. Turangan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Development Center ◽  
Average Body

COMPENSATORY CONDITION OF SEVERAL MEASURES IN FRIESS HOLLAND DAIRY CATTLE AT TAMPUSU ANIMAL FEED AND SEED DEVELOPMENT CENTER. This study was conducted to assess the compensatory condition of some body sizes of Friess Holland Dairy Cattle at Tampusu Animal Feed and Seed Development Center. Animals used in this study were 23 Friesian Fries Holland (FH) dairy cattle at aged of 7 months to 7 years old using a comparative descriptive research method by comparing the same variables for different samples and using the t-test. Research was done by measuring body weight, chest circumference, shoulder’s height and body length. The maintenance of animals was using a double cage head to head. Feeds given were using forages of 10% / head / day from body weight. Concentrate was fed about 2 kg / head / day. Dairy cows in Tampusu have an average body weight of 401.533 ± 39.47 Kg with a varince coefficient value of  9.8%, an average chest circumference of 174.12 ± 11.15 cm with a varience coefficient value of 6.4%, average shoulder height 136.47 ± 9.16 cm with a variance coefficient value of 6.7%, average body length 139.39 ± 9.56 vm with a variance coefficient of 6.8%. Based on these results, the compensatory condition friess holland dairy cattle at tampusu animal feed and seed development center was increase   body weight of 11.6%, chest circumference 6.28% and shoulder height of 6.65%. Keywords: Compensatory condition, body measurements, Friess Holland Dairy Cattle

scholarly journals Effects of water deficit stress and symbiosis with Micrococcus yunnanensis at the reproductive stage on yield and seed composition of Camelina sativa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safoora Borzoo ◽  
Sasan Mohsenzadeh ◽  
Ali Moradshahi ◽  
Danial Kahrizi ◽  
Hajar Zamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Seed Composition
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