Analysing the Heavy Metal Profile in Bottled Water and Sachet Water Samples from Various Markets in Lagos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
O. E. Bolawa ◽  
O. S. Adelusi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Sachet Water

scholarly journals Microbiological, Physiochemical and Antibiotic Sensitivity Analysis of Bacterial Consortia Associated with Packaged Water Vended in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Onifade, Anthony Kayode ◽  
Akinyosoye, Abimbola David
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Sachet Water

Packaged water, most especially sachet and bottled water, is one of the major sources of drinking water in Nigeria, especially for commuters, whose major way of quenching thirst is to buy from road side vendors and previous studies has shown that packaged water does not always measure up to standard. Aim: Investigations were done to determine adherence to physiochemical, microbiological standards. Antibiotic susceptibility profile and plasmid profiling of enumerated bacteria using disc diffusion method were carried out on vended packaged water samples. Location of Study: Eleven brands of sachet water and seven brands of bottled water samples vended in Akure, Ondo State were randomly selected. Methodology: Physiochemical analysis was carried out and the parameters were checked in line with standard organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications. Isolation of bacteria was carried out using standard procedures and isolates were identified by various biochemical tests.   Plasmid analysis and curing was conducted following standard protocols Results: Total bacterial counts of sachet water brands ranged from 0.2 × 102 to 4.5 × 102 CFU/ml while that of bottled water brands ranged from 0.1 × 102 to 4.2 × 102 CFU/ml. Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Shigella dysentariae.  Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the samples. Conclusion: Most packaged water (Bottled water, sachet water) samples are improperly handled and produced, which could serve as a source for spread of antibiotic-resistant potential pathogens, a risk to public health. better surveillance should be done on packaged water sale and production, public health education is encouraged for safety of residents in the Metropolis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Sarwar M. R. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
Kurdistan Region

Recently Bottled waters became the main resources for drinking water supply, where the use of bottled waters in some region has exchanged the distribution system of drinking water. However, several different chemicals may be found in drinking bottled water, for instance heavy metals, that have accumulated in lethal amounts which could affect human health after prolonged periods of exposure. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate some bottled water brands in Kurdistan region of Iraq in term of their contents of heavy metal comparing with both WHO and SQI water standards. About 108 samples were collected (18 brands; 6 samples from each brand) from October to December 2019, bought randomly from grocery shops and supermarkets in Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan region, Iraq.  Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were also calculated for evaluating the overall quality of bottled water. Results of individual criteria revealed that, excluding Cd and Hg, heavy metals content in all bottled water samples were lower than approved limits according to Iraqi's (IQS:417) and WHO standards. Though, the results exhibited that Cd content in some of the studied water samples was greater than the allowable limits (3μg/L) according to the depended standards. Concerning the values of metal pollution indices, although there were higher HPI values than critical value (100) in three water brands i.e. Al-Joud, Al-Waha and Sanbenedetto, the indices values for all other bottled water were below the critical value. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that except for Cd value in few brands and all Hg values, the studied bottled water are safe for drinking. Moreover, companies of bottled water package are recommended to monitor their products through analyzing the water sample periodically and use activated carbon filtration to ensure the safety of drinking bottled water.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Sachet and Bottled Water in Abraka, Delta State

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
C. Otobrise ◽  
T.C. Azuh ◽  
E.I. Mmakwe ◽  
E. Ogbakpa ◽  
C.O. Tolorun
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water

Some physicochemical properties of five brands of sachet and five brands of bottled water sold/produced in Abraka; Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State was investigated. Amounts of heavy in the water samples were also determined. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) respectively. Seventy percent of the samples had pH levels below the minimum level of 6.50 recommended by WHO and NSDWQ, suggesting that the water samples are acidic. The slight acidity of the water samples may not be unconnected to impurities from poor treatment techniques. Results for other physicochemical parameters: EC (78.60 ± 34.06 µs/cm), TDS (42.80 ± 18.46 mg/L), Temperature (30.02 ± 0.46 OC), Cl- (16.88 ± 7.01 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.05 mg/L), NO2- (<0.001 mg/L), TH(10.60 ± 7.09 mg/L), Cu(0.05 ± 0.00 mg/L), Fe(0.34 ± 0.19 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.02 mg/L) and Mn (0.03 ± 0.00 mg/L) for sachet water samples; EC (99.60 ± 76.18 µs/cm), TDS (54.20 ± 41.84 mg/L), Temperature (29.96 ± 0.21 OC), Cl- (20.85 ± 17.44 mg/L), NO3- (0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L), NO2- (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/L), TH(15.00 ± 16.36 mg/L), Cu(0.04 ± 0.01 mg/L), Fe(0.20 ± 0.15 mg/L), Zn(0.11 ± 0.03 mg/L) and Mn (0.09 ± 0.01 mg/L) for bottled water samples; were within permissible limits, indicating that the water samples are good enough for human consumption.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots from Hutai-8 grape skin and their application in Hg2+ detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Shun-Sheng Zhao ◽  
JiaJia Wang ◽  
Xiang Rong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Fluorescence Quenching ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon Dots ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon

Background: In recent years, environmental pollution and heavy metal pollution caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization have become increasingly serious. Among them, mercury (II) ion (Hg2+) is one of the highly toxic heavy metal ions, and its pollution comes from various natural resources and human activities. Therefore, people attach great importance to the development of analytical methods for effective analysis and sensitive detection of Hg2+ . Objective: Using grape skin as a green and environmental friendly carbon source, to synthesize fluorescent carbon dots, and try to apply them to the detect the concentration of Hg2+ in water. Method: Using "Hutai No. 8" grape skin as carbon source, fluorescent carbon dots were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. Structure and fluorescent properties of the carbon dots were tested using TEM, XPS, XRD and other characterization instruments, and their utilization on detection of mercury ions in the actual water samples was explored. Results: The CDs had a particle size of about 4.8 nm and a spherical shape. There are N-H, C-N, C=O and other functional groups on the surface. It was found that Hg2+ has obvious fluorescence quenching effect on CDs, and thus CDs fluorescence quenching method to detect the concentration Hg2+ was established, and the detection limit is 3.7 μM, which could be applied to test the concentration of Hg2+ in water samples. Conclusion: Using grape skin as carbon source, fluorescent carbon dots were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Carbon dots were used to detect mercury ions in water, and a method for detecting mercury ions in actual water samples was established.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry and surface water quality assessment of IB valley coalfield area, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishnu Prasad Sahoo ◽  
Himanshu Bhushan Sahu ◽  
Dhruti Sundar Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Nickel Aluminum ◽  
Acid Mine ◽  
Significant Seasonal Variation ◽  
Cadmium Selenium ◽  
High Degree

AbstractCoal mining and ancillary activities have the potential to cause water pollution characterized by acid mine drainage, acid mine leachates, extreme pH conditions and heavy metal contaminations. In the present work, 33 water samples in premonsoon and 34 water samples in monsoon were collected from the surface water bodies of Ib Valley coalfield, India for hydrogeochemical analysis. In premonsoon, pH, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, Magnesium, Cadmium, Selenium, Nickel, Aluminum and in monsoon, pH, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, Iron, Cadmium, Selenium, Nickel and Aluminum were nonconforming to the permissible limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards, World Health Organisation and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. The average BOD/COD ratio of less than 0.6 in both seasons indicated Ib valley coalfield water was not fairly biodegradable. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that significant seasonal variation (p < 0.05) was observed in the hydro-chemical parameters viz. TSS, turbidity, redox potential, acidity, total hardness, bicarbonate alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, cadmium, chromium and magnesium during the entire sampling period. Whereas, no significant seasonal variation (p > 0.05) was observed in pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, residual chlorine, COD, oil and grease, fluoride, potassium, zinc, copper, selenium, nickel, aluminum, boron, silica, temperature, salinity, cyanide and phenol. Water Quality Index revealed that 39.39% and 35.29% samples belong to poor water quality category in premonsoon and monsoon, respectively. As per Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Degree of Contamination (Cd) and Heavy metal evaluation index, medium degree of pollution were exhibited by 51.52%, 30.30% and 45.45% samples in premonsoon and 20.59%, 35.29% and 26.47% samples in monsoon. Whereas, 5.88%, 2.94% and 5.88% samples were having high degree of pollution in monsoon and 15.15% samples caused high degree of pollution with respect to Cd in premonsoon. However, EC, Na%, PI, SAR and RSC values suggested that the water can be used for irrigation. Water type of the region had been found to be Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4 by Piper diagram.

ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES IN SOME COMMERCIAL BOTTLED WATERS FROM PARTS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
O O ALATISE ◽  
Y S AKINSANYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Recommended Level

In this work, the presence of natural radioactivity in bottled waters from parts of south-west Nigeria was investigated. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the water samples were ob-tained using a high-purity germanium detector. The ranges of activity concentrations obtained for 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were 0.15 to 1.25Bq l-1, 0.02 to 2.94Bq l-1 and 6.96 to 46.47 Bq l-1, respectively. 40K has the highest activity concentration in the bottled water samples while 232Th has the least value. The activity concentrations obtained together with ingested dose conversion factors, were used to calculate the annual effective doses for six age groups ranging from < 1 to >17 years. The calculated total annual effective doses (mSvy-1) ranged from 0.01 to 4.16 and the values are age dependent (highest for < 1year and lowest for 7-12years age groups). The results showed that the average annu-al effective dose for 35% of the bottled water brands were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level of 0.1 mSvy-1 for drinking water. Furthermore, out of the remaining 65% that were higher than the WHO recommended level, 9% were higher than 1 mSvy-1, which is the radia-tion exposure limit for the general public according to the recommendation of the International Com-mission on Radiological Protection. Consequently, consumption of some of the bottled water brands investigated in this study could constitute radiological hazard especially for the < 1 and 12-17years age groups.

Status of Heavy Metal Contaminations of Lake Water of Dhaka Metropolitan City

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAA Mokaddes ◽  
BS Nahar ◽  
MA Baten
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Central Laboratory ◽  
Metropolitan City

A study was conducted to evaluate level of water pollution and its influence on heavy metal contaminations of lake water of Dhaka metropolitan city. The water samples were collected from lakes of Dhaka metropolitan city during February to March, 2008. The chemical analysis of water samples included pH, EC, As, Cu, Mn, 'ln. Pb and Cd. Analysis of lake water samples was done at the Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The concentrations of heavy metal of lake water were recorded as: in case of pH = 6.95, in case of EC = 22.44 (?scm-1), in case of Cu = 0.018 ppm, in case of Zn = 0.274 ppm, in case of Mn = 0.084 ppm, in case of As = 0.002 ppb, in case of Pb = 0.002 ppm and in case of Cd = 0.044 ppm. The pH value of lakes water range from 5.34 to 7.68, an indication of slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. The average EC value for lakes water ranged from 17.61 to 34.61 ?Scm-1 where EC value varied from 14.24 to 33.48 ?Scm-1 in the lake water.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14841 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 345-348 2012

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