scholarly journals Studies on the Physicochemical Effects of pH, Sulphate and Zinc Concentrations on the Water Samples in Nsukka Town, Enugu State of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
J. C. Ndefo ◽  
P. E. Joshua ◽  
A. V. Arazu ◽  
I. U. Okagu ◽  
V. I. Nnamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Significant Difference

Most of our water resources are gradually becoming polluted due to the addition of foreign materials from the surroundings. These include organic of plant and animal origin, land surface washing, and industrial and sewage effluents. The problem of environmental pollution due to toxic metals has begun to cause concern now in most major metropolitan cities. Nsukka environs have been plagued with perennial problem of water supplies round the year and a better understanding of its water physicochemically status will help to address this daunting problem and issues of human health. The analysis carried out was on the utility water supplies in Nsukka area. Thirteen sampling areas consisting of four boreholes, six dug wells and three springs were chosen for this research work. A total of 26 water samples were taken from the sampling areas during the dry season and another 26 samples during the wet season. Water samples were collected from these sampling areas and refrigerated at 4°C for processing. Concentration of zinc was determined in each sample by spectrophotometric method. Harch Model C50 digital multi-range meter was used to measure the pH. Chemical parameter such as sulphate was also determined by spectrophotometric method. Bacteriological analysis of the water samples was carried out to ascertain whether there was faecal contamination by the use of multiple tube/most probable number techniques. Sulphate concentration of water sample from spring sources increased significantly (p<0.05) during dry season iiwhen compared with that of wet season. No significant difference (p>0.05) exists in the concentration of zinc compared to all other test samples.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Adi Agyo ◽  
Raph Agbo Ofukwu ◽  
Anthony Ekle J. Okoh ◽  
Charity A. Agada
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Private Wells

Aim: This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table. Results: One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83). Conclusion: This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested.

scholarly journals Assessment of Watercare Efficacy on Treatment of Water for Human Consumption in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E M Mbaawuaga ◽  
W C Agber ◽  
M W Kar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Assessment of the efficacy of Water-Care in the treatment of water to safe health level was carried out on water samples from different water sources within six populated communities of Makurdi Metropolis. Thirty six (36) water samples were collected and treated with WaterCare based on the product manufacturer’s instructions. Treated water stored for 30 minutes and 24 hours were tested for coliforms using Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) for multiple comparisons of the data variables. Most probable Number (MPN) of coliforms /100mL of sampled water ranged from 43 to >1,100cfu/100ml. Mean MPN of treated water for30 minutes and 24 hours interval was 37.7±33.0cfu/100ml and 16.17±14.8cfu/100ml respectively. Improved/deep sources such as boreholes show 3cfu/100ml and 0cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hours treatment while unimproved/shallow sources such as wells show ≤120 cfu/100ml and ≤53 cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hour interval. A significant difference between treated samples and the untreated was observed (F = 6.321, P = 0.005). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that MPN index/100ml in the water samples was significantly lower (P =0.015, P =0.009) after treating for 30 minutes and 24 hour time interval respectively as compared to untreated water. But there was no significant difference between the 30 minute and 24 hour time interval (P =0.970). The study found that, drinking water sources in Makurdi Township were heavily contaminated, and that 30 minutes and 24 hours’ time interval was not a sufficient time for total elimination of bacteria contaminants after treatment with WaterCare. Future research should ascertain the actual treatment time for inactivation of all bacteria in water treated with WaterCare.

Inexpensive, Disposable Presence-Absence Test for Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUBY M. LEE ◽  
PAUL A. HARTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Six-ounce (151-g) Whirl-Pak® bags containing 3.05 g of dehydrated Presence-Absence (P-A) Broth and 5 mg of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) were pasteurized with 10 kGy of gamma irradiation. To conduct a “bag” P-A test, 100 ml of water sample were added to a bag. The bag was closed, the medium was dissolved by massaging the bag for about 15 sec, and the bag was then placed in a rack for incubation. The bag method was compared with P-A tests conducted in 160-ml glass bottles and 200-ml polysulfone bottles, as well as with a 5-tube Laury] Tryptose Broth (LTB) most-probable-number (MPN) method. Twenty-nine surface-water samples (11 streams, 7 rivers, and 11 lakes), 9 well-water samples, and 2 sewage effluents were examined. Chi-square analyses of the results revealed that no significant difference (P≤0.1) existed among the different P-A tests. The hydrolysis of MUG provided excellent Escherichia coli detection and was easiest to determine in the bags.

scholarly journals Assessment of Watercare Efficacy on Treatment of Water for Human Consumption in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E M Mbaawuaga ◽  
W C Agber ◽  
M W Kar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Assessment of the efficacy of Water-Care in the treatment of water to safe health level was carried out on water samples from different water sources within six populated communities of Makurdi Metropolis. Thirty six (36) water samples were collected and treated with WaterCare based on the product manufacturer’s instructions. Treated water stored for 30 minutes and 24 hours were tested for coliforms using Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) for multiple comparisons of the data variables. Most probable Number (MPN) of coliforms /100mL of sampled water ranged from 43 to >1,100cfu/100ml. Mean MPN of treated water for30 minutes and 24 hours interval was 37.7±33.0cfu/100ml and 16.17±14.8cfu/100ml respectively. Improved/deep sources such as boreholes show 3cfu/100ml and 0cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hours treatment while unimproved/shallow sources such as wells show ≤120 cfu/100ml and ≤53 cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hour interval. A significant difference between treated samples and the untreated was observed (F = 6.321, P = 0.005). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that MPN index/100ml in the water samples was significantly lower (P =0.015, P =0.009) after treating for 30 minutes and 24 hour time interval respectively as compared to untreated water. But there was no significant difference between the 30 minute and 24 hour time interval (P =0.970). The study found that, drinking water sources in Makurdi Township were heavily contaminated, and that 30 minutes and 24 hours’ time interval was not a sufficient time for total elimination of bacteria contaminants after treatment with WaterCare. Future research should ascertain the actual treatment time for inactivation of all bacteria in water treated with WaterCare.

scholarly journals Assessment of Watercare Efficacy on Treatment of Water for Human Consumption in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
E M Mbaawuaga ◽  
W C Agber ◽  
M W Kar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Significant Difference

Assessment of the efficacy of Water-Care in the treatment of water to safe health level was carried out on water samples from different water sources within six populated communities of Makurdi Metropolis. Thirty six (36) water samples were collected and treated with WaterCare based on the product manufacturer’s instructions. Treated water stored for 30 minutes and 24 hours were tested for coliforms using Multiple Tube Fermentation technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) for multiple comparisons of the data variables. Most probable Number (MPN) of coliforms /100mL of sampled water ranged from 43 to >1,100cfu/100ml. Mean MPN of treated water for30 minutes and 24 hours interval was 37.7±33.0cfu/100ml and 16.17±14.8cfu/100ml respectively. Improved/deep sources such as boreholes show 3cfu/100ml and 0cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hours treatment while unimproved/shallow sources such as wells show ≤120 cfu/100ml and ≤53 cfu/100ml respectively for 30 minutes and 24 hour interval. A significant difference between treated samples and the untreated was observed (F = 6.321, P = 0.005). Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that MPN index/100ml in the water samples was significantly lower (P =0.015, P =0.009) after treating for 30 minutes and 24 hour time interval respectively as compared to untreated water. But there was no significant difference between the 30 minute and 24 hour time interval (P =0.970). The study found that, drinking water sources in Makurdi Township were heavily contaminated, and that 30 minutes and 24 hours’ time interval was not a sufficient time for total elimination of bacteria contaminants after treatment with WaterCare. Future research should ascertain the actual treatment time for inactivation of all bacteria in water treated with WaterCare.

scholarly journals Identification of 16S rRNA and Virulence-Associated Genes of Arcobacter in Water Samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Rajani Ghaju Shrestha ◽  
Yasuhiro Tanaka ◽  
Jeevan B. Sherchand ◽  
Eiji Haramoto
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Significant Difference

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter and five associated virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, mviN, pldA, and tlyA) in water samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. A total of 286 samples were collected from deep tube wells (n = 30), rivers (n = 14), a pond (n = 1), shallow dug wells (n = 166), shallow tube wells (n = 33), springs (n = 21), and stone spouts (n = 21) in February and March (dry season) and August (wet season), 2016. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the water samples and subjected to SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR for 16S rRNA and virulence genes of Arcobacter. The 16S rRNA gene of Arcobacter was detected in 36% (40/112) of samples collected in the dry season, at concentrations ranging from 5.7 to 10.2 log copies/100 mL, and 34% (59/174) of samples collected in the wet season, at concentrations of 5.4–10.8 log copies/100 mL. No significant difference in Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive results was observed between samples collected in the two seasons (p > 0.05). Seventeen (17%), 84 (84%), 19 (19%), 23 (23%), and 17 (17%) of the 99 Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive samples were also positive for cadF, ciaB, mviN, pldA, and tlyA, respectively. At least one virulence gene was detected in 87 (88%) of the 99 Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive samples. The presence of Arcobacter and the virulence genes in these samples illustrates the persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the environment and highlights the importance of regular monitoring of water for pathogens.

A Most Probable Number Method for the Enumeration of Legionella Bacteria in Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A new quantitative method for the enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water is described. Appropriate tenfold serial dilutions of water samples concentrated by membrane filtration are plated in triplicate on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. After incubation for 3 days representative smears from individual plates are tested for the presence of Legionella by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The number of positive plates in each dilution is used to calculate the Legionella count by means of conventional most probable number statistics. In comparative tests on a variety of water samples this method yielded significantly higher counts than previously used procedures.

scholarly journals Quality of water sources in Southwestern Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT): a cross-sectional descriptive study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-693
Author(s):  
Richard Onyuthi Apecu ◽  
Lucas Ampaire ◽  
Edgar Mugema Mulogo ◽  
Fred Norman Bagenda ◽  
Afsatou Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gravitational Flow ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Compartment Bag Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of water sources in the two rural areas of Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT). In total, 200 water samples were collected from 69 different water sources and processed within 6 h of collection. Positive and negative controls were processed each day together with water samples. Physical parameters were measured in situ. Descriptive statistics were used to generate mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviations and percentages. The results indicated that 29% of the water sources met the National Standards and World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water. Sixty percent of the borehole, 44% of gravitational flow taps and 14% of roof rain water met the required standards. Of the open water sources, 75% of the rivers, 50% of open channels and 43% of unprotected dug wells plus 25% of protected springs and 9% of gravitational flow schemes had most probable number counts &gt;100 Escherichia coli/100 mL of water. Most of the water sources in the study areas were not fit for human consumption without prior treatment. The CBT was found to be robust and easy to use in all field situations. The mean physical parameters of water sources were within the acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Is Drinking Water Sources Safe for Drink? A Multicenter Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goyitom Gebremedhn ◽  
Abera Aregawi Berhe ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Lemlem Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Abstract Background Fecal contamination of drinking water sources is the main cause of diarrhea with estimated incidence of 4.6 billion episodes and 2.2 million deaths every year. Methods A total of 145 water samples of different source type were collected from different areas in Tigray region from August 2018 to January 2019. The water samples from each site were selected purposively which involved sampling of water sources with the highest number of users and functionality status during the study period. Most Probable Number (MPN) protocol was used for the bacteriological analysis of the samples. Results A total of 145 water samples were collected from six zones in Tigray region, Ethiopia from August 2018 to January 2019. The study indicated that 63(43.5%) of the water samples were detected to have fecal coliform which is E.coli. In Mekelle city, which is the capital city of Tigray region, three in five 34(60.7%) of the collected samples were confirmed to have fecal coliform. Water samples from health facilities were 9.48 times [AOR=9.48, 95%CI: (1.59, 56.18)] more likely to have fecal coliform. Water samples from wells were 10.23 times [AOR=10.23, 95%CI: (2.74, 38.26)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Similarly, water samples from hand pumps were 22.28 times [AOR=22.28, 95%CI: (1.26, 393.7)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Water samples reported to be not chlorinated were 3.51 times [AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.35, 9.13)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from chlorinated sources. Conclusion In this study all water source, including the chlorinated drinking water sources, were found highly contaminated with fecal origin bacteria. This may be mainly due to constructional defects, poor sanitation inspection, poor maintenance, intermittent water supply and irregular chlorination.

Differential Survival of Generic E. coli and Listeria spp. in Northeastern U.S. Soils Amended with Dairy Manure Compost, Poultry Litter Compost, and Heat-Treated Poultry Pellets and Fate in Raw Edible Radish Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Limoges ◽  
Deborah A. Neher ◽  
Thomas R. Weicht ◽  
Patricia D. Millner ◽  
Manan Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Heat Treated

Composted or heat-treated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) can be added to soils to provide nutrients for fresh produce. These products lower the risk of pathogen contamination of fresh produce when compared with use of untreated BSAAO; however, meteorological conditions, geographic location, and soil properties can influence the presence of pathogenic bacteria, or their indicators (e.g., generic E. coli) and allow potential for produce contamination. Replicated field plots of loamy or sandy soils were tilled and amended with dairy manure compost (DMC), poultry litter compost (PLC), or no compost (NoC) over two different field seasons, and non-composted heat-treated poultry pellets (HTPP) during the second field season. Plots were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of rifampicin-resistant E. coli (rE.coli) at levels of 8.7 log CFU/m2. Direct plating and most probable number (MPN) methods measured the persistence of rE.coli and Listeria spp. in plots through 104 days post-inoculation. Greater survival of rE. coli was observed in PLC plots in comparison to DMC plots and NoC plots during year 1 (P &lt; 0.05). Similar trends were observed for year 2, where rE. coli survival was also greater in HTPP amended plots (P &lt; 0.05). Survival of rE. coli was dependent on soil type, where water potential and temperature were significant covariables. Listeria spp. were found in NoC plots, but not in plots amended with HTPP, PLC or DMC. Radish data demonstrate that PLC treatment promoted the greatest level of rE.coli translocation when compared to DMC and NoC treatments (P  &lt; 0.05). These results are consistent with findings from studies conducted in other regions of the US and informs Northeast produce growers that composted and non-composted poultry-based BSAAO supports greater survival of rE. coli in field soils. This result has the potential to impact the food safety risk of edible produce grown in BSAAO amended soils as a result of pathogen contamination.

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