scholarly journals Studies on Plasmodium falciparum Infection Rates among Patients Attending General Hospitals in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O. A. Adulugba ◽  
O. Amali ◽  
F. T. Ikpa ◽  
M. M. Manyi ◽  
V. U. Obisike
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Preventive Methods

Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent and prevalent malaria parasite in Nigeria .This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria infection among patients at General Hospitals in Benue State. A total of 1200 patients were examined in this study.  Blood samples were collected by finger prick onto clean slides and into the round sample well of PfRDTs. Thick and thin blood films were prepared for microscopic examination. The overall prevalence of malaria infection was 34.8%. A questionnaire was used to determine some demographic factors. Prevalence of malaria in relation to residence, rural area recorded higher prevalence of 42.2% than urban area with prevalence of 23.8%. Chi square analysis showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in prevalence in relation to residence. The Prevalence of malaria in relation to age groups, age between 6-10 and 7-15 recorded higher infection rate of 54.5% and 51.5% respectively. While, age group >46 recorded  17.5%. The female patients 36.2% were more infected than the males 33.1%.Patients that had informal education recorded higher prevalence rate of 89.2% and those that are farmers had 57.9%. Chi square analysis however showed that the difference was significant (p < 0.05). A significant difference  (P<0.05) was observed between patients that  used insecticide spray alone as malaria preventive methods (70.1%) compared to patients that used combined methods of prevention (17.2%). Malaria still remains prevalent among patients in Benue State, Nigeria.

Comparision of histologic distribution of RCC in young and older patients: Results from the SEER database.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 419-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Daugherty ◽  
Stephen Blakely ◽  
Oleg Shapiro ◽  
Gennady Bratslavsky
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

419 Background: Renal cell cancer (RCC) incidence is relatively low in younger patients, encompassing 3-5% of all RCC tumors. These tumors tend to be due to hereditary syndromes and genetic mutations that predispose to cancer development. Patients with hereditary renal cancer (HRC) are at a higher risk of multiple tumors and bilateral disease. We hypothesize that there is a difference in histologic distribution in the younger patients and that the younger distribution contains more aggressive histologic subtypes. Methods: SEER 18-registries database was queried for all patients ≥20 years old that were surgically treated for renal cell carcinoma between the years 2001 and 2008. Patients with unknown race, grade, stage, or histology were excluded from the study. Histologies selected were clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, sarcomatoid, and collecting duct. Three cohorts were created with the ages 20-44, 45-64, and ≥65 year olds that contained 3,926, 19,661, and 16,323 patients respectively. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the histologic distributions between the cohorts. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of clear cell RCC between the three cohorts (p = 0.63). The histology distribution was not different in the 45-64 year olds compared to those ≥65 (p = 0.47). The non-clear cell histologies were different between the 3 age groups (p < 0.001). There were a larger percentage of patients in the younger patients that had chromophobe tumors compared to all non-clear cell histologies (p< 0.001). Conclusions: The difference in the non-clear cell histologic distribution between the groups is most likely due to genetic mutations predisposing these patients to chromophobe RCC. There has been limited data on HRCs, due in large part to its low incidence. Although the HRCs are known to have a most common histology, it is likely that this information is incomplete, as younger patients have undiagnosed genetic mutations that led to development of chromophobe tumors. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Investigating the Presence of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistant Transporter (Pfcrt) Drug-resistance Alleles in Some Northern Nigerian States

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
M. H. Ruqayyah ◽  
K. Nafisatu ◽  
B. Balarabe Musa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Pfcrt Gene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Government Hospitals

This study was designed to investigate the presence of Pfcrt drug- resistance alleles (CQ resistant biomarker) and attempted to analyse the outcome in some states of northern Nigeria. A total of four hundred and thirteen (413) Plasmodium falciparum positive blood samples were collected from Kaduna, Jigawa, Katsina and Kebbi states during the period of April-August 2013. The samples were genotyped at codon 76 using specific primers for Pfcrt gene. The data was analysed using Chi-square to determine significance association. Four hundred and thirteen (413) P. falciparum positive samples were genotyped at codon 76 of pfcrt gene. Sixty eight 68(16.5%) samples contained single K76 (Chloroquine sensitive) alleles, 49(11.9%) contained 76T, while 16(3.9%) contained mixed K76T alleles. K76 alleles were highest in Kaduna state 17(32.1%) and lowest in Kebbi state 10(7.4%), 76T was highest in Jigawa state 11 (25.6%) and lowest in Kebbi state 7(5.2%) while K76T was highest in Jigawa state 5(11.5%) and lowest in Kebbi state 2(1.5%) with significant difference between the states P<0.05. K76 was higher among females 43(17.6%), 76T was also higher females 30(12.2%) while K76T was higher among males 7 (4.2%). K76 was higher among age group of 16-25 years 17(22.4%) and least among 26-40years age group 13 (13.5%). 76T was also higher among 26-40 years age group 17(17.7%) and least among age group >40 years 1(2.0%) and K76T was higher among age group 16-25 years 6(7.9%) and least in >40 years of age 1(2.0%) with high significant difference P<0.05 between the age groups. The results of this study genetically confirms the use of CQ for malaria treatment in the area and attributed the varied distribution across the states, to high irrigation activities, self medication leading to dosage non compliance and improper diagnosis due to use of low sensitive RDT in most government hospitals. The need for enlightenment of the populace cannot over emphasize.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy can be effective in prolonging periods free of depression in early senescent

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Vidya Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come ◽  
Level Of Significance

Background: The Psychotherapy can be effective in prolonging periods free of depression in early senescent has been focused on the study. People refused medication agreed to come for psychotherapy are treated to get free from their depressive symptom. The main objective of the study was therefore using psychotherapy as a treatment module to stretch time free of depression. Further psycho education to give more information on depression and increase patient flexibility for the combination of anti-depressant with psychotherapy when needed.Methodology: The subjects selected for the study were 60 patients from ‘Nitte Rural Psychiatry Clinic’ Nitte Mangalore Karnataka, India. They were selected by random sampling technique. Medico-Psychological questionnaire for general neuroticism was administered to find out the extent of depression before and after psychotherapy. To find the difference between the age and depression before and after psychotherapy Carl Pearson’s Correlation coefficient method was carried out.Results: The results reveal that a non-significant difference between age groups with extent of depression in different age group of early senescent before and after psychotherapy (Chi-square=1.7913, p>0.05) at the 5 % level of significance and (Chi-square=2.4485, p>0.05) at the 5 % level of significance respectively. Further the Comparison of extent of depression before and after psychotherapy in 50-55, 56-60 age groups and as a total by Wilcoxon matched pairs test has been administered and the result reveals that significant differences between extent of depression before and after psychotherapy in 50-55yrs of age group (Z=2.5205, p<0.05) at the 5 % level of significance, 56-60yrs of age group (Z=2.2014, p<0.05) at the 5 % level of significance. It means that, the significant means that, the significance of 15.7%, 10.5%depression was decreased before and after psychotherapy respectively. A significant difference was observed between extent of depression before and after psychotherapy in 50-60yrs of age group (Z=3. 2958, p<0.05) at the 5 % level of significance. It means that, the significance of 13.0% depression was decreased after psychotherapy.Conclusion: The implication of this study was to develop insight and understanding among the clinicians that importance psychotherapy as treatment of depression.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.118-122

scholarly journals Perbedaan Jenis Pertanyaan Netral dengan Jenis Pertanyaan Misleading terhadap Munculnya False Memory pada Anak Usia Prasekolah

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
M. Apriandi ◽  
Charyna Ayu Rizkyanti ◽  
Andi Tenri Faradiba
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

False memory refers to the experience of thinking when we remember something that actually did not really happen. The major problem with false memory is the possibility to make someone may easily be led through misinformation. The current research assessed the difference between two types of question on preschoolers' false memory. This study used an experimental design with 76 participants of preschoolers (53.9% male and 46.1% female, 5-6 years old) who divided into two experimental groups. First group was given a neutral question, while the second group was given a misleading question. In this experiment, the participants were instructed to watch a video, then, one recognition test will be held immediately. In recognition test, participants were showed some pictures and questions about one event. The chi-square analysis shows that there is a significant difference between two types of question (0.04<0.05) the value of Chi-Square was 11.647. Based on these results, it implies that misleading questions might raise more false memory than neutral questions.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Clinical and Epidemiological Profile of Adult Patients with Vitiligo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Yogesh Poudyal ◽  
Chandra Bhal Jha ◽  
Niraj Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Aspect ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

INTRODUCTION Vitiligo is an acquired disorder of skin characterized by white macules. Though there are many studies describing clinical and epidemiological features of vitiligo; there are few studies which have attempted to see the differences between male and female. Understanding the gender differences in clinico-epidemiological features will help to find the direction for further research in understanding pathogenesis. The objective was to find the gender wise differences in clinico-epidemiological pattern of vitiligo.   MATERIAL AND METHODS This was cross sectional study done at Dermatology and Venereology out-patient clinic of Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching hospital, Bhairhawa, Nepal from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Consecutive sampling technique was used and the cases of 18 years and above were taken. Chi-square test, multi-variate logistic regression, two sample t-tests were used to analyze the data.   RESULTS The total number of case was 190. Female to male ratio was 1.38:1. Vitiligo vulgaris was seen more in female and mucosal vitiligo more in male and the difference was statistically significant.   However, there was no statistically significant difference among gender in family history, duration of disease, mucosal and hair involvement, history of recurrence and various age groups.   CONCLUSION Vitiligo vulgaris is seen more in female and mucosal vitiligo is seen more in male. This study has strengthened the evidence regarding the difference noted in clinic-epidemiological aspect of vitiligo. There should be more studies, so that more patterns in gender differences could be understood, and this will help in understanding the pathogenesis of vitiligo.  

scholarly journals Brazilian dieticians: professional and demographic profiles

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita de Cássia Akutsu
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Region ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Type Of Institution

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the difference in Brazilian dieticians' work activities in view of personal, demographic and work variables. METHODS: This study takes a cross-sectional, exploratory approach with random sample per grouping, and with an accuracy of 0.05 and confidence interval of 95.0%. The final sample was of 587 respondents among a total of 25,793 dieticians. Descriptive (mean, median, standard deviation) and variance (Kruskal Wallis, Spearman index and Chi-square) analysis were performed. RESULTS: 46.9% of the respondents lived in Southeast region of Brazil; 96.9% were women; 61.2% had a partner, and the average age was 34.8 years; 51.4% graduated from public universities, 63.9% accomplished some kind of post-graduation course; 55.9% worked in private institutions and 39.7% had worked in their current job for at least two years; 30.7% performed their activities in more than one area and 24.4% worked in food and nutrition units. Variance analysis indicated that there was significant difference in the stratified variables type of institution in which the dieticians graduated from, " year of graduation" , " type of organization" in which they work and " time working" stratified by geographic region. CONCLUSION: Typical dieticians are women, young, have a partner, live in the Brazilian Southeast, finished a post-graduate course, perform their activities in more than one area or in food and nutrition units and in private companies.

Expression of Laminin and Fibronectin in Renal Dysplasia

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Menon ◽  
Nandita Kakkar ◽  
B. D. Radotra
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Renal Dysplasia ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fibronectin Expression ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Dysplastic Kidneys

The pathogenesis of renal dysplasia is a matter of debate. Recent theories have conceptualized the role of extracellular matrix proteins in the genesis of renal dysplasia. During normal nephrogenesis, collagen type I and III and fibronectins are lost and laminin and syndecan appear once proper induction has occurred. Any deviation from the normal pattern is said to lead to dysplasia. In this study, the expressions of adhesive glycoproteins, laminin, and fibronectin were studied immunohistochemically in 25 autopsy cases of renal dysplasia and normal age-matched control cases. These cases of renal dysplasia were categorized into 3 groups based on the period of gestation: 20 to 26 weeks, 27 to 33 weeks, and 34 to 40 weeks. The immunohistochemical findings were graded from 0 to 4+ based on the visual intensity. Chi-square analysis was used to calculate the difference in expressions of laminin and fibronectin in cases and controls as a whole and within and between age groups. Immunostaining for laminin in all age groups showed a significant difference in expression between dysplastic kidneys (less expression) and normal controls (greater expression). In the case of fibronectin expression, all but 1 group showed a significant difference, with dysplastic kidneys showing more and normal controls showing less expression. The inference derived is that laminin expression decreases and fibronectin expression increases in renal dysplasia compared with normal nephrogenesis.

scholarly journals Age, Sex, Population Density and COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand: A Nationwide Descriptive Correlational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suebsarn Ruksakulpiwat ◽  
Wendie Zhou ◽  
Chantira Chiaranai ◽  
Phongthon Saengchut ◽  
Jane E. Vonck
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Correlational Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Open Government Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Difference

Objective: It is reported that age and sex have been identified as potential risk factors for severe outcomes and the distribution of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), although the specifics of these relationships are unclear. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship between age, sex, COVID-19, and population density in Thailand. This study proposed to examine the relationships among age, sex, population density, and the number of COVID-19 patients in Thailand.Material and Methods: In this nationwide descriptive correlational study, the dataset of daily COVID-19 cases in Thailand between January 12, 2020, and November 30, 2020, and population density (people/km2 ) in each province of Thailand was retrieved from the Open Government Data of Thailand, the Registration Office Department of the Interior, the Ministry of the Interior, and the National Statistical Office of Thailand. Chi-square and Pearson product-moment correlation were used to determine the difference and relationships among studied variables. Simple linear regression was used to predict the number of COVID-19 cases based on population density.Results: The findings illustrated a significant difference between male and female patients, in which the number of male patients was higher than female patients across age groups 31-45 years, 40-60 years, and >60 years (p-value<0.010). Further, population density was significantly associated with the number of COVID-19 cases.Conclusion: This investigation would provide intervention planning implications during potential future pandemics, especially in groups at higher risk (males, age 17-46 years old, and people living in high-density population areas).

The Influence of Age and Gender on Mandibular Indices among the Libyan Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
T Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Libyan Population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization. Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population. Methods: The three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012. among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age groups to 2.7 in 55-65 age groups. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p> 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender

scholarly journals Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in 6-month to 45-year-olds on selected areas of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Urbano Nsue Ndong Nchama ◽  
Ali Hamad Said ◽  
Ali Mtoro ◽  
Gertrudis Owono Bidjimi ◽  
Marta Alene Owono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Equatorial Guinea ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Bioko Island ◽  
Malaria Vaccines

Abstract Background Extensive malaria control measures have been implemented on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea over the past 16 years, reducing parasite prevalence and malaria-related morbidity and mortality, but without achieving elimination. Malaria vaccines offer hope for reducing the burden to zero. Three phase 1/2 studies have been conducted successfully on Bioko Island to evaluate the safety and efficacy of whole Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccines. A large, pivotal trial of the safety and efficacy of the radiation-attenuated Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine against P. falciparum is planned for 2022. This study assessed the incidence of malaria at the phase 3 study site and characterized the influence of socio-demographic factors on the burden of malaria to guide trial design. Methods A cohort of 240 randomly selected individuals aged 6 months to 45 years from selected areas of North Bioko Province, Bioko Island, was followed for 24 weeks after clearance of parasitaemia. Assessment of clinical presentation consistent with malaria and thick blood smears were performed every 2 weeks. Incidence of first and multiple malaria infections per person-time of follow-up was estimated, compared between age groups, and examined for associated socio-demographic risk factors. Results There were 58 malaria infection episodes observed during the follow up period, including 47 first and 11 repeat infections. The incidence of malaria was 0.25 [95% CI (0.19, 0.32)] and of first malaria was 0.23 [95% CI (0.17, 0.30)] per person per 24 weeks (0.22 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.26 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.20 in 18–45-year-olds). Incidence of first malaria with symptoms was 0.13 [95% CI (0.09, 0.19)] per person per 24 weeks (0.16 in 6–59-month-olds, 0.10 in 5–17-year-olds, 0.11 in 18–45-year-olds). Multivariate assessment showed that study area, gender, malaria positivity at screening, and household socioeconomic status independently predicted the observed incidence of malaria. Conclusion Despite intensive malaria control efforts on Bioko Island, local transmission remains and is spread evenly throughout age groups. These incidence rates indicate moderate malaria transmission which may be sufficient to support future larger trials of PfSPZ Vaccine. The long-term goal is to conduct mass vaccination programmes to halt transmission and eliminate P. falciparum malaria.

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