scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of Intestinal Parasites Infection in Children under Anthelminthic Treatment Residing in a High-Risk Area in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Arnol Bowo-Ngandji ◽  
Djabidatou Ousmanou ◽  
Atembeh-Noura Efietngab ◽  
Nkengazong Lucia ◽  
Halmata Mohamadou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Candida Sp

Introduction: Intestinal parasites continue to pose an important public health problem in low-income countries with children being the most affected, thus justifying their therapeutic follow up. Objective: This work aimed to update the epidemiological base data and evaluate transmission dynamics of intestinal parasites at one and three months post treatment following the administration of multiple doses of mebendazole 100mg in children of the Lolodorf health district, South Region. Methods: 381 stool samples were collected from participants and analysed using the kato-katz and formol ether technicsand each participant treated with multiple dosesof mebendazole within three days. Samples were collected at one and three months post treatment from same individuals. Two indicators were used to evaluate transmission dynamics: reinfection rate and number of newly infected individuals. Results: A global infection rate of 65.3% involving Ascaris lumbricoides (23.1 %), Trichuris trichiura (35.2 %), hookworms (7.9 %), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.3 %), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (5.8 %), Entamoeba coli (19.2 %), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.3 %) and Candida sp (26.0 %) was registered. Single infection (53.6%) was significantly higher than multiple infections (46.4%) (P=0.04). Significance was in favour of male sex for hookworm infections (P=0.04). Transmission dynamics of the different groups of parasites showed a reduction of helminths and protozoan parasites infections with complete absence of Candida sp. after treatment. The global reinfection rate obtained at three months post treatment was 7.3% with high values observed for T. trichiura (6.1%). The proportion of newly infected individuals varied from 6.2% to 8.9% at one and three months post treatment. Conclusion: These results showed persistence in active transmission of various intestinal parasites in the study area. Hence, stakeholders in charge of controlling theseinfections shouldreinforce specific intervention measures against these diseases such as the implication of control measures at all levels of the transmission chain (individual and environmental level).

scholarly journals Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ur Rahman ◽  
W. Khan ◽  
S. A. Mehmood ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
S. Yasmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Stool Examination ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Control Programs

Abstract Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Comparative Efficacy and Reinfection of Albendazole-mebendazole, Albendazole-pyrantel Pamoate, and Mebendazole on Soil-transmitted Helminths

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 978-982
Author(s):  
Nirmalia Husin ◽  
Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Erwin Suteno ◽  
Wilhans Wijaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Infection Group ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Pyrantel Pamoate ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infection (i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm) are commonly found as a single infection as well as a mixture of the three kinds of helminths that requires a broad anthelmintic spectrum. Some study revealed that combination of anthelmintic provides better efficacy. AIM: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of combination treatment of albendazole-mebendazole, albendazole-pyrantel pamoate, and mebendazole alone in treating STHs infection as well as the rate of reinfection post-treatment. METHODS: In 2018, a randomized controlled trial was conducted in Batubara district, North Sumatera. School-aged children diagnosed for STH were randomly allocated to (1) albendazole-mebendazole; (2) albendazole-pyrantel pamoate; or (3) mebendazole treatment groups. Here, we report the efficacy (cure rates [CRs] and egg-reduction rates [ERR]) and reinfection rates determined 12 weeks post-treatment. Chi-square test was used to compare the drug efficacy and reinfection rate between three groups. RESULTS: A total of 309 children complete baseline and follow-up data. The efficacy was determined after 4 weeks post-treatment albendazole-pyrantel pamoate showed a significant higher efficacy against A. lumbricoides (CR: 93.5%; ERR: 100%) and T. trichiura (CR: 81.4%; ERR: 99%). For hookworm infection, results showed higher efficacy between the three groups after treatment. The reinfection rates 12 weeks after treatment for A. lumbricoides infection (Group 1: 3.1%; 2: 3%; 3: 1.3%) with p > 0.05 and for T. trichiura infection (Group 1: 19.2%; 2: 25%; 3: 1.5%) with p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: This study showed the excellent efficacy of an albendazole-pyrantel pamoate combination against STHs infections. The highest reinfection rate was found in albendazole-pyrantel pamoate group for T. trichiura infection.

scholarly journals Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Tariq ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Carla Castillo Laborde ◽  
Katia Vogt-Geisse ◽  
Ruiyan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
First Case

Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Chile on March 3rd, 2020, a total of 513188 cases, including ~14302 deaths have been reported in Chile as of November 2nd, 2020. Here, we estimate the reproduction number throughout the epidemic in Chile and study the effectiveness of control interventions especially the effectiveness of lockdowns by conducting short-term forecasts based on the early transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Chile's incidence curve displays early sub-exponential growth dynamics with the deceleration of growth parameter, p, estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8) and the reproduction number, R, estimated at 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.9). Our findings indicate that the control measures at the start of the epidemic significantly slowed down the spread of the virus. However, the relaxation of restrictions and spread of the virus in low-income neighborhoods in May led to a new surge of infections, followed by the reimposition of lockdowns in Greater Santiago and other municipalities. These measures have decelerated the virus spread with R estimated at ~0.96( 95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) as of November 2nd, 2020. The early sub-exponential growth trend (p ~0.8) of the COVID-19 epidemic transformed into a linear growth trend (p ~0.5) as of July 7th, 2020, after the reimposition of lockdowns. While the broad scale social distancing interventions have slowed the virus spread, the number of new COVID-19 cases continue to accrue, underscoring the need for persistent social distancing and active case detection and isolation efforts to maintain the epidemic under control.

scholarly journals Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths in school-aged children in Muyuka–Cameroon following implementation of control measures: a cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽  
Ofon Vitalis Otia ◽  
Orelien Sylvain Mtopi Bopda ◽  
Calvin Bisong Ebai ◽  
Helen KuoKuo Kimbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism, its health impacts have been inadequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) following sustained control measures, as well as evaluate the outcomes and clinical correlates of infection in school-aged children (SAC) living in the schistosomiasis endemic focus of Muyuka-Cameroon. Methods In a cross-sectional study, urine, blood and stool samples were each collected from SAC (4–14 years) selected at random between March and June 2015. Microhaematuria in urine was detected using reagent strip and S. haematobium ova by filtration/microscopy methods. Plasmodium was detected using Giemsa-stained blood films and complete blood count was obtained using an auto-haematology analyser. STH in stool was detected by the Kato-Katz method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required, Kappa value estimated and the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in the multivariate analysis was used to evaluate association of the risk factors with infection. Results Out of the 638 SAC examined, single infection was prevalent in 33.4% while polyparasitism was 19.9%. Prevalence of S. haematobium + Plasmodium was 7.8%; S. haematobium + STH was 0.8%; Plasmodium + STH was 0.8%; while S. haematobium + Plasmodium + STH was 0.9%. Higher preponderance of S. haematobium + Plasmodium infection occurred in females, those from Likoko, did not use potable water, practiced bathing in stream and carried out open defecation than their equivalents. However, being female (aOR = 2.38, P = 0.009) was the only significant risk factor identified. Anaemia was a common morbidity (74.3%) with a slight agreement with microscopy in predicting S. haematobium and Plasmodium infections. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria (13.0%) in predicting S. haematobium infection was 46.5% and 100% with a moderate agreement with microscopy. Co-infection with S. haematobium and malaria parasite was significantly associated with threefold odds of history of fever in the last three days. Conclusions Polyparasitism is a public health problem in Muyuka with females most at risk. Anaemia prevalence is exacerbated in co- and triple-infections and together with a history of fever are of value in predicting polyparasitism.

Transmission dynamics and control options for Echinococcus granulosus

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (S1) ◽  
pp. S143-S158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. TORGERSON ◽  
D. D. HEATH
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Economic Output

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is a global public health problem. Whilst in a few localities, such as New Zealand, the parasite has been effectively controlled or even eradicated, in most endemic regions it remains a persistent problem. In some areas, such as the former Soviet Union, the disease incidence in humans has increased rapidly in recent years. It is important to have an understanding of the transmission dynamics, both between dogs and domestic livestock where the parasite maintains itself and from dogs to people. It is from this knowledge that effective control measures can be devised to reduce the prevalence of the parasite in animals and hence reduce the incidence of human disease. Mathematical models to describe the transmission of the parasite and the effects of different control strategies were first proposed over twenty years ago. Since then further information has been acquired, new technology has been developed and better computing technology has become available. In this review, we summarise these developments and put together a theoretical framework on the interpretation of surveillance information, how this affects transmission and how this information can be exploited to develop new intervention strategies for the control of the parasite. In particular, the parasite remains a persistent or re-emerging problem in countries of low economic output where resources for an intensive control programme, that has been successful in rich countries, are not available. By understanding of the transmission biology, including mathematical modelling, alternative and cost-effective means of control can be developed.

scholarly journals Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed WHO 2030 goals for Chagas disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Transmission Interruption

Chagas disease (CD) persists as one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with a particularly large impact in the Americas. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed goals for CD elimination as a public health problem to be reached by 2030 by means of achieving intradomiciliary transmission interruption (IDTI), blood transfusion and transplant transmission interruption, diagnostic and treatment scaling-up and prevention and control of congenital transmission. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed mathematical models to study Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics and the potential impact of control measures. Modelling insights have shown that IDTI is feasible in areas with sustained vector control programmes and no presence of native triatomine vector populations. However, IDTI in areas with native vectors it is not feasible in a sustainable manner. Combining vector control with trypanocidal treatment can reduce the timeframes necessary to reach operational thresholds for IDTI (<2% seroprevalence in children aged <5 years), but the most informative age groups for serological monitoring are yet to be identified. Measuring progress towards the 2030 goals will require availability of vector surveillance and seroprevalence data at a fine scale, and a more active surveillance system, as well as a better understanding of the risks of vector re-colonization and disease resurgence after vector control cessation. Also, achieving scaling-up in terms of access to treatment to the expected levels (75%) will require a substantial increase in screening asymptomatic populations, which is anticipated to become very costly as CD prevalence decreases. Further modelling work includes refining and extending mathematical models (including transmission dynamics and statistical frameworks) to predict transmission at a sub-national scale, and developing quantitative tools to inform IDTI certification, post-certification and re-certification protocols. Potential perverse incentives associated with operational thresholds are discussed. These modelling insights aim to inform discussions on the goals and treatment guidelines for CD.

scholarly journals Polyparasitism in School-Aged Children Living in the Schistosomiasis Endemic Focus of Muyuka-Cameroon after >8 Years of Sustained Control Measures: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽  
Ofon Vitalis Otia ◽  
Orelien Sylvain Mtopi Bopda ◽  
Calvin Bisong Ebai ◽  
Helen KuoKuo Kimbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Endemic Focus ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism, its health impacts have been inadequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) following sustained control measures, as well as evaluate the outcomes and the clinical correlates of infection in school-aged children (SAC) living in the schistosomiasis endemic focus of Muyuka-Cameroon.Methods: Microhaematuria in urine sample was detected using reagent strip and S. haematobium ova by filtration/microscopy methods. Plasmodium in blood sample was detected using Giemsa stained blood films and complete blood count was obtained using an auto-haematology analyser. STH in stool sample was detected by the Kato-Katz method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required, Kappa value estimated and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) in the multivariate analysis was used to evaluate association of the risk factors with infection.Results: Out of the 638 SAC examined, single infection was prevalent in 33.4% while polyparasitism was 19.9%. Prevalence of S. haematobium + Plasmodium was 7.8%; S. haematobium + STH was 0.8%; Plasmodium + STH was 0.8% while, S. haematobium + Plasmodium + STH was 0.9%. Higher preponderance of S. haematobium + Plasmodium infection occurred in females, those from Likoko, did not use potable water, practiced bathing in stream and carried out open defecation than their equivalents. However, being female (AOR = 2.38, P = 0.009) was the only significant risk factor identified. Anaemia was a common morbidity (74.3%) with a slight agreement with microscopy in predicting S. haematobium and Plasmodium infections. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria (13.0%) in predicting S. haematobium infection was 46.5% and 100% with a moderate agreement with microscopy. Co-infection with S haematobium and malaria parasite was significantly associated with 3-fold odds of history of fever in the last three days.Conclusions: Polyparasitism is a public health problem in the Ikata-Likoko area in Muyuka with females most at risk. Anaemia prevalence is exacerbated in co- and triple-infections and together with a history of fever are of value in predicting polyparasitism.

scholarly journals Study on Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Muslim community of Janakpurdham, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushbu Yadav ◽  
Satyam Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Stool Samples

Background and Objectives: Intestinal parasitic infection is an important public health problem in Nepal because of its high morbidity and mortality. The distribution and prevalence of the various intestinal parasites species depend on social, geographical, economical and inhabitant customs. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the burden of intestinal parasitic infections and its relation with sanitary practices and socio-demographic characteristics in Muslim community of Janakpurdham, Nepal.Material and Methods: A total of 161 stool samples were collected in dry, clean and screw capped plastic container and were preserved with 10% formalin. The stool samples were examined by direct microscopy and confirmed by concentration methods. Modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining was performed for the detection of coccidian parasites. P- value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection was 63.35% (male = 57.84% vs. female = 42.15%) (p = 0.321). The positive cases of parasitic infection were found to be slightly higher in less than 10 years (35.29%) than others. Hookworm (10%) and G. lamblia (28%) infection was marginally higher than other helminthic and protozoan infection. The highest number of positive cases of parasitic infection was found in those who didn’t wash their hands before meal, defecates stool haphazardly in open area, didn’t wash their hands after toilet, didn’t trim their nail, in larger family, with low income and in housewives which was found to be statistically significant (p = <0.05).Conclusion: The health status was found poor among Nepalese Muslim people. Routine periodic screening of parasitic infection among people, changing behavior, public educations on improved personal and environmental hygiene are the fundamental principle in the control of infection.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2016) Vol. 4 (1): 36-45

scholarly journals Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0009070
Author(s):  
Amna Tariq ◽  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Carla Castillo Laborde ◽  
Katia Vogt-Geisse ◽  
Ruiyan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
First Case

Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Chile on March 3rd, 2020, a total of 513,188 cases, including ~14,302 deaths have been reported in Chile as of November 2nd, 2020. Here, we estimate the reproduction number throughout the epidemic in Chile and study the effectiveness of control interventions especially the effectiveness of lockdowns by conducting short-term forecasts based on the early transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Chile’s incidence curve displays early sub-exponential growth dynamics with the deceleration of growth parameter, p, estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8) and the reproduction number, R, estimated at 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.9). Our findings indicate that the control measures at the start of the epidemic significantly slowed down the spread of the virus. However, the relaxation of restrictions and spread of the virus in low-income neighborhoods in May led to a new surge of infections, followed by the reimposition of lockdowns in Greater Santiago and other municipalities. These measures have decelerated the virus spread with R estimated at ~0.96 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) as of November 2nd, 2020. The early sub-exponential growth trend (p ~0.8) of the COVID-19 epidemic transformed into a linear growth trend (p ~0.5) as of July 7th, 2020, after the reimposition of lockdowns. While the broad scale social distancing interventions have slowed the virus spread, the number of new COVID-19 cases continue to accrue, underscoring the need for persistent social distancing and active case detection and isolation efforts to maintain the epidemic under control.

scholarly journals Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium,Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths in school-aged children in Muyuka-Cameroon following implementation of control measures: a cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽  
Ofon Vitalis Otia ◽  
Orelien Sylvain Mtopi Bopda ◽  
Calvin Bisong Ebai ◽  
Helen KuoKuo Kimbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Despite the ubiquity of polyparasitism, its health impacts have been inadequately studied. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) following sustained control measures, as well as evaluate the outcomes and clinical correlates of infection in school-aged children (SAC) living in the schistosomiasis endemic focus of Muyuka-Cameroon.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, urine, blood and stool samples were each collected from SAC (4–14 years) selected at random between March to June 2015. Microhaematuria in urine was detected using reagent strip and S. haematobium ova by filtration/microscopy methods. Plasmodium was detected using Giemsa stained blood films and complete blood count was obtained using an auto-haematology analyser. STH in stool was detected by the Kato-Katz method. Categorical and continuous variables were compared as required, Kappa value estimated and the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in the multivariate analysis was used to evaluate association of the risk factors with infection.Results: Out of the 638 SAC examined, single infection was prevalent in 33.4% while polyparasitism was 19.9%. Prevalence of S. haematobium + Plasmodium was 7.8%; S. haematobium + STH was 0.8%; Plasmodium + STH was 0.8% while, S. haematobium + Plasmodium + STH was 0.9%. Higher preponderance of S. haematobium + Plasmodium infection occurred in females, those from Likoko, did not use potable water, practiced bathing in stream and carried out open defecation than their equivalents. However, being female (aOR =2.38, P = 0.009) was the only significant risk factor identified. Anaemia was a common morbidity (74.3%) with a slight agreement with microscopy in predicting S. haematobium and Plasmodium infections. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria (13.0%) in predicting S. haematobium infection was 46.5% and 100% with a moderate agreement with microscopy. Co-infection with S. haematobium and malaria parasite was significantly associated with 3-fold odds of history of fever in the last three days.Conclusions: Polyparasitism is a public health problem in Muyuka with females most at risk. Anaemia prevalence is exacerbated in co- and triple-infections and together with a history of fever are of value in predicting polyparasitism.

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