scholarly journals Ameliorative Effects of Dietary Ocimum gratissimum Leafmeal on African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Subjected to Pathogenic and Transportation-Induced Stress

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Olanipekun O. Samuel ◽  
K. Gbadamosi Oluyemi ◽  
Adegbenro Muyiwa ◽  
A. I. Agbona ◽  
S. L. Adebisi
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Experimental Fish

The primary aim of this project is the use of functional feed supplements to ameliorate or reduce the effects of stressors rather than using chemicals that could be harmful and expensive.  Specifically, assessment of the ameliorative effect of locally available phytogenic product, Ocimum gratissimum on the negative effects of stress in African catfish production was carried out in a study that lasted for 70 days. Five experimental diets were formulated, at different inclusion levels of O. gratissimum , as 0.00 g (control), 0.05 g, 0.10 g, 0.15 g, 0.20 g per 100 g of diet denoted as T1 (control), T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, stress-induced treatments of experimental fish were done using pathogenic and transportation stressors. Zootechnical parameters in terms of growth and nutrient utilization were evaluated. Physiological stress assessment (Aspartate transaminase, AST and Alanine transaminase, ALT) and stress biomarkers (cortisol and glucose) were carried out using liver and blood samples from experimental fish. Results showed that zootechnical parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced with increasing supplementation levels of O. gratissimum. There were better performances in the growth and nutrient utilization indices like weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency and feed conversion ratio as the level of O. gratissimum was increased to 0.15 mg/g in the diets. Curvilinear trends were recorded with a second degree polynomial regression model depicting a strong relationship between SGR and O. gratissimum supplementation in fish diet followed by adverse responses when increased to 0.20 mg/g in the diet. There were significant reduction in stress parameters with increasing supplementation levels of O. gratissimum leaf extract in the diets. The best supplementation level of O. gratissimum was 0.15 mg/g in T4. From the above deductions, this study confirmed the positive ameliorating effects of O. gratissimum on the African catfish during stressful episodes.

Effects of dietary Phaeodactylum tricornutum supplementation on gustation, stomach histology and growth performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Oluyemi K. Gbadamosi ◽  
W. Obe Bernadine
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Percentage Survival ◽  
Significant Difference

This study assessed the effects of microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum supplement on the gustation, stomach histology, growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. One hundred and fifty (150) C. gariepinus juveniles of mean weight 20.05±0.05g were distributed into 15 plastic tanks (40×30×35) cm3. Five graded levels (0.00 (control), 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00g/100g of P. tricornutum supplements were included in the diets of C. gariepinus denoted as Control, PT1, PT2, PT4 and PT5, respectively. Fish were fed for 56 days at 5% body weight. Results at the end of the experiments showed that the highest body weight was recorded in fish fed 1.5g/100g P. tricornutum diets. The best feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and percentage survival was found in PT3. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the feed intake of fish with PT4 having the highest feed intake. The stomach histology revealed increase in the gustation cells in the stomach of experimental fish with increasing levels of P. tricornutum supplementation. This study showed that the inclusion of P. tricornutum supplement at 1.5g/100g level in the diet of C. gariepinus juveniles improved the gustation, growth performance and nutrient utilization of C. gariepinus. Keywords: Microalgae, Aqua feed, Nutrition, Gustation, African catfish

scholarly journals Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles Fed Varying Inclusions of Defatted African Palm Weevils (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) Meal

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Benjamin Agbanimu ◽  
Eunice Olwayemisi Adeparusi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Percentage Weight Gain ◽  
Palm Weevil ◽  
Percentage Weight

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the dietary effects of using African Palm weevil in the diet of Catfish. Five experimental diets containing 40% crude protein were formulated, four of these diets contained defatted African palm weevil larvae meal at varying inclusion levels denoted as APW25%, APW50%, APW75% and APW100% while the diet with fish meal (APW0%) served as control diet. The experiment was conducted in triplicates for 10 weeks using 15 aquaria glass tanks with 10 fish per tank. The percentage weight gain was significantly different (P>0.05) across the fish fed experimental diets, with the highest percentage weight gain (1118.30g) recorded in fish fed diet APW100 and the lowest percentage weight gain (749.40g) recorded in fish fed diet FM. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different (P<0.05) across the experimental diet. The highest FCR value (1.48±0.42) was recorded in the fish fed diet FM while the lowest FCR value (1.06±0.01) was recorded in fish fed diet APW100. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the PER among the experimental diets. It could be concluded that defatted African palm weevil larvae meal in the diet in replacement of fishmeal.in the diet Clarias gariepinus juvenile.

scholarly journals Growth performance, nutrient utilization, haematology and serum biochemistry of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstock fed varying levels of Aspilia africana leaves-paste

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
S. I. Adegbesan ◽  
I. Abdulraheem
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Promising Area

Dietary supplementation with phytobiotics is a promising area in fish nutrition towards promoting the growth and health status of cultured fish. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Aspilia africana leaves-paste (AAL) on the growth, haematology and serum biochemistry of Clarias gariepinus broodstock. Experiment was carried out in a 24 net-happa (0.6m x 1.07m x 1.2m) suspended in an earthen pond (30 m x 5 m x 1.2m). Forty-eight (7 months old fish, 24 males (0.80±0.04kg) and 24 females (0.70±0.03kg)) were stocked at two fish per net-happa under four treatments in six replicates in a completely randomized design. Four diets (40% crude protein) were formulated to contained: control (0%); AAL1 (0.5%); AAL2 (1%) and AAL3 (1.5%). Fish were fed ad libitum twice daily for 16 weeks. Data on all parameters were analyzed using ANOVA. The highest mean weight gain, MWG: 3.13±0.15kg and lowest feed conversion ratio, FCR: 1.30± 0.04 were recorded in broodstock fed 1.5% AAL3. The lowest MWG (1.27±0.03kg) and highest FCR: 1.72±0.03) were obtained in broodstock fed control diet. The lowest packed cell volume: 15.83 ± 0.17 % and haemoglobin: 5.25 ± 0.1 (g/dL) were recorded in fish fed 1% and 1.5% AAL. No significant differences in the total protein and creatinine values obtained between fish fed 1% and 1.5% AAL. The study recommended the dietary inclusion of 1.5% A. africana leaves-paste to effectively promote growth and nutrient utilization of cultured C. gariepinus broodstock

scholarly journals Effects of ascorbic acid and iron nanoparticles supplements on hyperthermia-induced stress in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gbadamosi K. Oluyemi
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Nanoparticles ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Tropical Aquaculture

Abstract Background Thermal stressors in tropical aquaculture are unavoidable and cause many harmful effects. This study assessed the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and iron nanoparticles supplementation in the diet of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and exposed to hyperthermia-induced stress. C. gariepinus juveniles weighing 6.89 ± 0.05 g were randomly distributed into plastic tanks of 48 cm by 30 cm by 31 cm dimension at ten fish per tank in a triplicate treatment. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 35% crude protein were formulated with AA and iron nanoparticles supplementation at (10, 8, 6, 4, 0) g/kg of AA and (0, 4, 6, 8, 0) g/kg of iron nanoparticles in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. After 8 weeks of feeding, fish were exposed to hyperthermia-induced stress. Blood was collected from the fish for haematological and biochemical analyses. Results Results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the growth performance and nutrient utilization of fish subjected to hyperthermia-induced stress. Treatment three had the highest specific growth rate of 1.89 g per day and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.48. Conclusion Mortality was reduced with the supplementation of the fish diets with AA and iron nanoparticles. Based on the result of this study, a supplementation level containing AA and iron nanoparticles supplementation of 6 g/kg and 4 g/kg were sufficient as a stress-reducing agent in the production of C. gariepinus during hyperthermia stress.

scholarly journals Response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum-based diet on growth performance and Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-759
Author(s):  
A.A. Nwabueze ◽  
J.K. Ekelemu ◽  
O.A. Owe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Samples

The response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum on growth performance and as anti-bacterial agent in Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection was evaluated. A. sativum was included at 0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% in fish diet. Twenty fish samples each were randomly distributed into four tanks (T1, T2, T3 and T4). Fish were fed twice daily at 5% body weight for twelve weeks. All fish were challenged with 0.5ml of pure culture of S. aureus. A significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight, total length and standard length was observed. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion promoted highest growth with feed conversion ratio (1.25-1.41), protein efficiency ratio (1.72-0.56), specific growth rate (1.92-2.09), condition factor (0.83-1.99) and survival rate (60-95). Fish-fed A. sativum diet showed that 4.5% inclusion had the least S. aureus activity. Bacteria load significantly (P<0.05) decrease at week 12. Culture water had dissolved oxygen of 4.0 - 4.2 mg/L, pH 6.0 - 7.0 and temperature of 26.0-28.0oC. This study has shown that A. sativum supplemented diets enhanced growth of C. gariepinus and functioned as antibacterial agent against S. aureus. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion in diet is recommended for better fish growth and 4.5% A. sativum for antibacterial action. Keywords: Fish, herb, growth, infection

scholarly journals Effects of Varying Levels of Dried Poultry Droppings on Haematology, Microbial Properties and Nutrient Utilization of Clarias gariepinus

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-479
Author(s):  
Adebola Oluyinka AJIBOYE ◽  
Abimbola Adetokunbo OWOSENI ◽  
Funmilola AJANI
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Microbial Properties ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Poultry Droppings

Effects of varying levels of Dried Poultry Droppings fed Clarias gariepinus were investigated for 84 days. The fish meal was partially and completely replaced by dried poultry droppings at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% inclusions and was allotted T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Investigation conducted on the occurrence of microbes in the fish feeds revealed that T5 varied significantly (p<0.05) in Total Viable Count (TVC) (13.0×105 cfu/g) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) (0.70×105 cfu/g) respectively. The microbial properties of the fish carcass showed that T5 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in TVC (2.72×105 cfu/g), TCC (0.33×105 cfu/g), while T3 and T5 were significantly higher in TFC (0.20×103 cfu/g). The haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus fed diet substituted with dried poultry droppings showed that Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (43.00 g/l) and Haemoglobin (Hb) (11.23 g/l) of T1 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. The values of Red Blood Cell (RBC) revealed that T2 (3.77×106 mm3 ) was significantly different (p<0.05) compared to other treatments. The growth performance showed that T2 varied significantly (p<0.05) in Mean Weight Gain (MWG) (29.33 g) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) (0.09). The findings of the current study imply that feed microbes affected the haematological parameters of the fish and equally suppressed the growth of the fish.

IN VITRO EFFECT OF PHARMACEUTICAL EFFLUENT ON HAEMATOLOGY AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES IN AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
Shafiu Nafiu Abdullahi ◽  
M. Zakariyya ◽  
Z. Y. Hassan ◽  
M. K. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Vitro Effect

Pharmaceutical effluents collected from Bompai industrial area, Kano State were assessed for their physiochemical parameters, heavy metals and effect on haematology and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus. Laboratory analyses were performed using standard methods in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Five test solutions of the effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% v/v) were prepared for LC50 96hr acute toxicity test. The LC50 for 96hr was 48.7% concentration of effluents by volume. Experimental fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.00% 2.43% (5/100 LC50), 12.17% (25/100 LC50), 24.35% (50/100 LC50) and 36.52% (75/100 LC50) for 28days.  Physicochemical parameters recorded were higher than WHO recommended Standard with the exception of water temperature. Heavy metals concentrations decreased in the order of Cr > Cu > Pd > Cd. Red blood Cells count, haemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volume, lymphocytes and monocytes of the experimental fish decline significantly (p<0.05) when exposed with 2.43, 12.17, 24.35, 36.52% effluents  compared to the control. White blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations, neutrophils and eosinophils were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control. However, a significant increase (P<0.05) in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were recorded as the exposure period continued when compared with control. It is concluded that the effluents induces haematological and biochemical alterations. It is therefore recommended that regulatory bodies should adopt holistic approach on the aquatic pollution abatement, bearing in mind the negative impact to non-target organisms.

scholarly journals Effects of Ortho-Phosphate on Growth Performance, Welfare and Product Quality of Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Fishes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Strauch ◽  
Judith Bahr ◽  
Björn Baßmann ◽  
Adrian Bischoff ◽  
Michael Oster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Welfare ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Skin Coloration

Ortho-phosphate inside recirculation aquaculture systems is limited as a consequence of precipitation and regular water exchange rates. To improve plant growth in coupled aquaponics, phosphate fertilizer addition to hydroponics can increase PO43−-P concentrations inside the process water. We investigated the effects of four PO43−-P concentrations (<10 (P0), 40, 80, 120 mg L−1) in rearing water on growth performance, feed efficiency, and welfare traits of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). By trend, optimum specific growth rate of 2.66% d−1 and feed conversion ratio of 0.71 were observed at 40 and 80 mg L−1 PO43−-P. Higher PO43−-P significantly affected skin coloration, swimming activity and external injuries, with the palest and inactive fish combined with most external injuries in the P120 group. Mineral and protein contents in the fish remained unaffected, while fat content inside the fillets enriched with increasing PO43−-P. Inorganic P in blood plasma increased significantly, while phosphate concentrations inside the fillet remained unchanged. We suggest that PO43−-P concentrations of 40 to 80 mg L−1 do not reduce the performance of African catfish aquaculture, while increased values of 120 mg L−1 affect fish welfare. This allows limited addition of PO43−-P fertilizer in coupled aquaponics with African catfish to support plant growth.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Aloe vera Gel and Water-leaf Extracts for Removal of Egg Adhesiveness during Artificial Propagation of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchel 1822)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
S. J. Fawehinmi ◽  
O. T. Adebayo ◽  
O. K. Gbadamosi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel ◽  
Immersion Period

The paper aims to study the best immersion period and concentration of the plant extracts under study (water-leaf and Aloe vera gel) that can efficiently remove egg adhesiveness of Clarias gariepinus. Data generated were subjected to Multivariate Analysis of Variance Test, Tukey multiple range tests was used as a follow up procedure. Third order Polynomial regression analysis was then used to determine the best concentration and immersion period that neutralizes adhesiveness in eggs of C. gariepinus. The experiment was carried out at The Teaching and Research Fish Farm, Federal University of Technology, Akure, between October 2018 to December 2018. One male and one female C. gariepinus brood stock weighing 1.0 kg and 1.3 kg, respectively were used for the experiment. Three different concentrations (1, 3, and 5)% of the plant extracts were used. 2 g of urea diluted in 4 g NaCl/L of water was used as reference de-adhesion agent, while water without urea solution nor plant extracts was used as control. The fish eggs were rinsed with the solutions at different durations of 1, 3 and 5 minutes. Each concentration and rinsing time was recorded in duplicates. Results of the study showed that there were no significant differences (p=0.05) in the non-adhesive egg hatching of eggs immersed in Aloe vera gel and Urea solution. Number of non-adhesive egg and hatching increased in waterleaf extract which was significantly different (P=0.05) from eggs immersed in Aloe vera gel and water but not significantly different from urea solution. Therefore this study shows that waterleaf extract at 1% concentration and 1 minute immersion period can efficiently remove egg adhesiveness and increase hatching in C. gariepinus.

scholarly journals Pengaruh pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus cereus P22 dan Staphylococcus lentus L1k pada pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistensi ikan lele, Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822 yang diinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Lilik Setiyaningsih ◽  
Widanarni Widanarni ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti3 ◽  
Munti Yuhana
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Significant Difference

The aimed of this research was to evaluate the effects of dietary probiotic microcapsules B.cereus P22 and S. lentus (L1k) at different dose and frequency on growth performance, immune response and resistance of African catfish infected with A. Hydrophila. Probiotics used in this study were B. cereus P22 and S. lentus L1k encapsulated by spray draying method. The research was carried out for 56 days with eight treatments and four replications. The treatments were K- (negative control), K+ (positive control), A (feed supplemented with 0,5% of microencapsulated probiotic, fedevery day), B (feed supplemented with 0,5% of microencapsulated probiotic, fed once every three days), C (feed supplemented with 1% of microencapsulated probiotic, fed every day), D (feed supplemented with 1% of microencap-sulated probiotic with an administration once every three days), E (feed with 2% of microencapsulated probiotic with an administration every day) and F (feed with 2% of microencapsulated probiotic with an administration once every three days). On day 42, all of the fish except K- were challenged by intramuscular injection of A. hydrophila (108 CFU ml-1). In 40 days after infection, there were no significant difference on survival rate (SR) between treatments (p> 0.05). Treatment E displayed the higher growth rate (4,54±0,02%), total probiotic B. cereus (P22) and S . lentus (L1k) (4.06± 0.09 log CFU g-1; 4.02±0.08 log CFU g-1) than other treatments; whereas treatment D showed the best feed conversion rasio(1.191±0.013), and treatment F offered the highest total bacterial count (7.11±0.53 log CFU g-1). An administration of 2% microencapsulated probiotic in every day frequency demonstrated the better growth performance, immune res-ponse and resistance of African catfish to A. hydrophila compare with other treatments. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dosis dan frekuensi pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik melalui pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistensi ikan lele yang diinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini meng-gunakan Bacillus cereus P22 dan Staphylococcus lentus L1k yang telah dienkapsulasi melalui metode spray draying. Penelitian ini dilaksankan selama 56 hari dengan delapan perlakuan dan empat ulangan, terdiri atas perlakuan K- (kon-trol negatif), K+ (kontrol positif), A (pakan+mikrokapsul probiotik dosis 0,5% frekuensi setiap hari), B (pakan+mikro-kapsul probiotik dosis 0,5% frekuensi tiga hari sekali), C (pakan+mikrokapsul probiotik dosis 1% frekuensi setiap hari), D (pakan+mikrokapsul probiotik dosis 1% frekuensi tiga hari sekali), E (pakan+mikrokapsul probiotik dosis 2% fre-kuensi setiap hari) dan F (pakan+mikrokapsul probiotik dosis 2% frekuensi tiga hari sekali). Ikan diuji tantang dengan A. hydrophila pada hari ke 42 dengan kepadatan 108 CFU ml-1 secara intramuscular (kecuali K- diinjeksi dengan phos-phate buffer saline). Setelah 40 hari pascainjeksi, laju sintasan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antarperlakuan (p>0,05).Perlakuan E menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan (4,54±0,02%) dan total probiotik B. cereus (P22) dan S. lentus (L1k) (4,06±0,09 log CFU g-1; 4,02±0,08 log CFU g-1) tertinggi; sementara perlakuan D memberikan hasil nisbah konversi pakan terbaik (1,191±0,013), perlakuan F menunjukkan total bacterial count tertinggi (7,11±0,53 log CFU g-1). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis 2% yang diberikan setiap hari memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistensi ikan lele terhadap A. hydrophila. 

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