scholarly journals Evaluation of the Anti-Candida Activities of Some Plant Extracts on Candida tropicalis and Candida Spp Isolated from Prison Inmates in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 206-212
Author(s):  
M. O. Echeta ◽  
C. A. Oyeka ◽  
C. N. Nwofor ◽  
N. E. Onyenwe ◽  
M. C. Korie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Candida Tropicalis ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Prison Inmates ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Aim: This study aimed at determining the anti-candida activities of Alternanthera braziliana and Curcuma longa on Candida tropicalis and Candida spp isolated from prison inmates in Owerri, Southeast, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Owerri federal prison between March 2020 - June 2021. Methodology: The anti-candida activities of methanolic extracts of Alternanthera braziliana and Curcuma longa on Candida tropicalis and Candida spp were evaluated by the disc diffusion method. The plant extracts were obtained by soxhlet extraction using methanol as solvent. The results were obtained by measuring the inhibition zone diameter in millimeters. Results: In order to ascertain the anti-candida activities of Alternanthera braziliana  and Curcuma longa in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, the antimicrobial properties of their extracts were tested by disc diffusion. Of the two plant extracts used methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa had better anti-candida properties than Alternanthera braziliana inhibiting the growth of Candida spp at the concentrations of 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml  and 50 mg/ml with inhibition zones ranging from 11 mm, 10 mm and 9 mm respectively. Methanolic extracts of Alternanthera brasiliana exhibited no anti-candida activity at different concentrations. Conclusion:The results show that Curcuma longa had better anti-candida activity against Candida spp. and might be promising, at least, in the treatment of Candida spp  infections.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTY OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
SWETA KUMARI ◽  
VIRENDRA VAISHNAV
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Cinnamomum Tamala ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of some plant extracts they are-Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum tamala, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Azadirachta indica, Datura stramonium, Zingiber officinale, Punica granatum and Cinnamomum cassia against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out by using the disc diffusion method and by pouring technique to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: In the disc diffusion method the plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging 02.0 to 16.0 mm against bacteria and In pouring technique plant extracts showed positive control against pure culture of a bacterium and their efficiency in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.2 gm/ml to 0.8 gm/ml. The extracts of Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum tamala shown high efficiency then other plant extracts in terms of zone of inhibition and also in pouring technique less amount of extracts was inhibited the growth of bacteria. Conclusion: This study indicates that extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against bacteria. This report supports their use in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria.

scholarly journals Bacterial Etiology of Wound Exudates in Tertiary Care Cancer Patients and Antibiogram of the Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863372095207
Author(s):  
Kiran Duwadi ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
Pabitra Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Patients with malignancies frequently develop infections as a result of surgical procedures and fungating wounds leading to pus formation. This cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the bacteriological spectra of infections of various cancer sites and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns among the patients visiting minor operation theatre (OT) of B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH), Chitwan, Nepal. Methods: Over a period of 3 months from September to November 2018, a total of 183 wound exudates and pus samples were collected and analyzed by standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified based on the colony characters, Gram staining and an array of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to criteria set by CLSI, 2016. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was tested with the help of cefoxitin using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of the 183 samples, 149 (81.4%) were culture positive. Among 13 different isolates identified, S. aureus (43.0%) was predominant followed by E. coli (14.0%). Higher incidence of bacteria was seen among the males (52.3%), in the age group 51 to 60 years (26.8%) and among the patients undergoing surgical intervention to deal with cancer (34.2%). The prevalence of wound infection was significantly affected by gender, age, and treatment regimen ( P < .01). Out of the total 68 S. aureus isolates, 38 (44.1%) were deemed as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the 158 isolates, 85 (53.8%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Cefepime was the most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates whereas both imipenem and meropenem were found to be equally more effective for Gram negative isolates. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with malignancies harbor pathogenic bacteria; therefore, prudent use of antibiotics is essential to prevent the emergence of MDR pathogens.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity and Datura Innoxia Extracts

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Adam IY Shama ◽  
YM Abd-Kreem ◽  
AA Fadowa ◽  
RM Samar ◽  
MK Sabahelkhier
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Datura Innoxia ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Leaves And Roots

The aim of this study was evaluated the Antimicrobial Activity of extraction of Datura innoxia (Seeds, leaves and roots). Datura innoxia Seeds, leaves and roots were collected to examine their antimicrobial activity. Extracts of different parts of the plant were tested against standard microorganisms by using the agar- well diffusion method. Extracts of methanol, and aqueous of seeds, leaves and roots were prepared and tested against four types of bacteria namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris and two types of fungi namely: Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves showed high activities against fungi (A. niger) and less effect on the all bacteria. The methanolic extracts of seeds showed high activities against all organisms except fungi (C. albicanas), while the aqueous extracts of seeds showed no activity on the bacteria. All organisms were examined against known standard antibiotics and then compare the results of plant extracts with standard antibiotics. The results indicated that the antibacterial drug is less active than the plant extracts, while the antifungal drugs are more active than the plant extracts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11077 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 173-185

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Serotype O157: H7 among Pastoral Communities in Rural Uganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Abdul Walusansa ◽  
Jacob S. Iramiot ◽  
Christine F. Najjuka ◽  
Dickson Aruhomukama ◽  
Hussein Kafeero Mukasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pastoralist Communities ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Non-prescribed use of antimicrobials in Agriculture incurs a transfer risk of resistant pathogens to humans, complicating treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of Zoonotic E. coli to serve as drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among animals and humans in pastoralist communities in Kasese district, so as to protect the community. Materials and Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was done using archived E. coli isolates previously obtained from humans in pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. Recovery of the isolates was done by conventional culture, and Identification by biochemical methods, serotyping and PCR. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted for AMR profiling. Isolates were screened for resistance mechanisms including Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), Carbapenemases and AmpC production using disc diffusion based methods. Results: The prevalence of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) was 16% (28/180). These EHEC isolates belonged to phylogroups; B1 (94%, 26/28), B2 (3%, 1/28) and A (3%, 1/28). All the 28 EHEC isolates possessed the virulence gene stx1, 26 of the 28 EHEC isolates contained the virulence gene stx2e, but none of the 28 possessed the virulence gene stx2. Highest resistance was seen to Cotrimoxazole (89%, 25/28), Tetracycline (71%, 20/28), Ampicillin (65%, 18/28) and Nitrofurantoin (28%, 8/28), these are the most commonly used antimicrobials in the agricultural sector in Uganda. Minimal resistance was observed to the antimicrobials that are commonly used in human medicine especially β-lactams, β-lactam+inhibitors and Carbapenems. Of the 28 zoonotic E. coli isolates, 17%, (5/28) were ESBL positive and among these 1 (3%, 1/28) was a Carbapenemase producer. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of highly pathogenic, drug resistant E. coli O157:H7 among humans in pastoralist communities in Uganda. We suspect that these were acquired from animals because they mostly contained vero toxin gene vt2e which is animal specific, predominantly swine. Also majority of these EHEC isolates belonged to phylo-group B1 which has been documented to inhabit domestic animals. We recommend future studies to investigate relatedness of drug resistant isolates from humans and animals to ascertain the zoonotic spread of resistant enterohemorrhagic E. coli in pastoralist communities.

scholarly journals LC-ESI/MS and GC-MS Methanol Extract Analysis, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of Centella asiatica

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Ondeko ◽  
Bernard F. Juma ◽  
Lilechi D. Baraza ◽  
Peter K. Nyongesa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Aims: To determine chemical constituents of the Leaf extracts of Centella asiatica using the LC-MS and GC-MS and their antimicrobial activities. Study Design: Structural determination of compounds from the leaf extracts was done using GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts were done using disc diffusion method. Place and Duration of Study:  Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya: Between 2016-2019. Methodology: Plant materials of C. asiatica were sequentially extracted separately based on the polarity viz., hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Determination of chemical constituents was done using LC-MS and GC-MS analysis and phytochemical screening. The extracts were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Standard antimicrobials viz. ampicillin and Nystatin were used as the control. Disc diffusion method was used and zones of inhibition, after respective incubation periods, were used to quantify antibacterial and antifungal activity. Results: Phytochemical screening of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed that terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and proteins, reducing sugars and carbohydrates were present. LC-MS and GC-MS analyses of the methanolic extracts identified 22 and 33 compounds, respectively, by use of the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) library. The extracts showed appreciable activity against common microbes tested. Conclusion: This study forms the basis for the biological characterization and significance of the compounds identified in the leaf and stem extracts of C. asiatica. These compounds are known to possess antibacterial and antifungal activities that could be established as potential candidates for future drug development. However, these extracts, need to be subjected to further chromatographic procedures to isolate the identified compounds and their bioactivities determined.

scholarly journals SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CANDIDA SPP. ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ANTIFUNGAL PREPARATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Yana N. Frolova ◽  
M. A. Morozova ◽  
I. V. Didenko
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
Different Sources

About 100,000 species of microscopic fungi were currently identified. Data on diseases caused by conditionally pathogenic fungi is particularly noteworthy. Both specific composition of Candida spp. found at fish-rearing farms of Rostov and Krasnodar regions and their susceptibility to antibiotics preparations have been studied. Strain susceptibility to drugs was determined by the disc-diffusion method. Significant variations are observed in the Candida resistance to four antibiotic preparations. Some sturgeon fingerlings and breeders have been found to be infected with candida. The drugs from the group of polyenes showed the greatest activity against the studied crops Candide. Despite the susceptibility of C. glabrata, C. guillermondii, C. tropicalis C. albicans to nystatin, the application of reabsorbing antifungals (in vivo) candidiasis of the intestine fails to be efficient. The data obtained show antibiogram to be expedient when assigning an adequate treatment of candidosis.

Evaluation of antibacterial potential of various plant extracts against clinically important skin infectious bacterial strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda Kahkashan Kazmi ◽  
Naheed Kauser ◽  
Ayisha Aman ◽  
Aqsa Idrees ◽  
Rashida Rahmat Zohra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Background: At the present time skin problems need to address seriously, antibiotic resistance development is very fast in skin infectious bacteria. For the prevention of all types of skin infections, natural plant extracts can provide suitable defense line because they contain active compounds. Wrinkles, sunburn, itching, black heads, white heads and uneven tone of the skin are the collective issues related to skin. Extensive use of antibiotics for skin diseases is restricted due to the development of worse antibiotic resistance. Objective: In this study the antibacterial potential of plant extracts was assessed against skin infectious bacteria to get alternative cure of skin diseases. Method: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were isolated from clinical samples and E.coli was used as non-pathogenic control strain from Jinnah University for Women strain repository. Their antibacterial activity was performed against eight plant extracts through well diffusion method. Result: Among eight plant extracts, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Sandalwood (Santalum album), Shahtara (Fumaria parviflora) Chirayata (Swertia chirayita) and commercially available mixed Citrus peel showed good inhibition of bacterial growth. Discussion: Natural sources such as fruits, herbs, minerals, leaves, flowers, roots, honey and rose water are now becoming part of skin care and treatment products because they possess antimicrobial activities. Skin products with herbal ingredients are now evolving as suitable solutions to the existing skin problems.

In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of ethanolic plant extracts of P. granatum, O. stamineus, A. bilimbi, M. nigra, and E. longifolia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam A. Makky ◽  
Manaf AlMatar ◽  
Mahmood H. Mahmood ◽  
Khoo Xu Wen ◽  
Tan Boon Gaik Qi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Mic Value

Background: Acne is a serious skin problem that affects mostly adolescents. The topical and systematic therapies are effective but could lead to several side effects and the emergence of antibacterial resistance of the acne-causing bacteria. Plant resources have been used as traditional medicine for centuries and can be the alternative therapies for acne treatment. Antioxidants are compounds that can prevent or delay the oxidation of substrates when present in low concentrations. Antioxidants are usually involved in several mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of free radical generation, enhancement of the scavenging capacity against free radicals, and reducing power. Methods: In this study, three antioxidant assays, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extracts of five plant extracts (A. bilimbi, M. nigra, O. stamineus, P. granatum, and E. longifolia). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify the most potent plant extracts and their combination which could provide better antibacterial activities against acne-causing bacteria. Ethanolic extracts of A. bilimbi, O. stamineus, M. nigra, P. granatum, and E. longifolia were prepared by the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique. Their phytochemical contents were screened using several biochemical tests and GC-MS analysis. Results: The study found that only the extracts of P. granatum and O. stamineus exhibited good antioxidant activity using DPPH assay (82.37% and 81.72% μg/mL respectively) and in ABTS assay (87.25% and 88.85% μg/mL respectively); their observed FRAP values were 115.1667 ± 5.6182 and 41.3860 ± 2.4583 μg/mL, respectively. The preliminary antibacterial screening using the disc diffusion method showed that P. granatum and O. stamineus were the most potent extracts; hence, both extracts were combined at the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 to a total concentration of 400 mg/mL. Discussion: The antibacterial efficacy of the mixture was studied using the disc diffusion method and the MIC value was determined. Both S. aureus and S. epidermidis were sensitive to all the individual and combined extracts but C. acnes was resistant to all of them. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of the combined extracts against S. aureus showed a synergistic effect at the ratio of 2:1 with the inhibitory zone diameter of 18.00 ± 1.00 mm and MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL; however, antagonistic effects were observed against S. epidermidis while no effect was noted against C. acnes. Therefore, all the selected plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against certain bacteria and their effects may be enhanced by combining the plant extracts.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Isolated from Patients Admitted in ICUs in Mazandaran, Northern Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Ghasemian ◽  
Mohammad Ahanjan ◽  
Ebrahim Fatehi ◽  
Mehran Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; PURPOSE: </strong>Antibiotic resistance rate is increasing in <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, especially in <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, as the most important pathogen of hospital and ICU . This research aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistant rate of <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp. isolated from patients admitted to ICUs in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were collected during 2013- 2014. After confirming <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, antibacterial sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) was evaluated by E-test in all isolates.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Disc diffusion method revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Cefepim and 96% were resistant to both Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, 6% were sensitive, 18% were intermediate and 76% were resistant to imipenem. Also, 84% of isolates were sensitive and 16% were resistant to colistin. In E-test method, 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% were resistant to colistin. Moreover, an isolate was sensitive, one was intermediate and the remaining isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 100% of isolates were resistant to other antibiotics in E-test. Over 96% of <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were resistant to the antibiotics frequently used in ICU (ciprofloxacin, meropenem, amikacin, and cefepim). Colistin was found as  the only appropriate antibiotic that could be used for patients in ICU.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> We hope these results could change the attitude of physicians toward using antibiotics in ICUs and encourage them to follow antibiotic stewardship as the only effective strategy to somewhat control antibiotic resistances.</p>

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MIXTURE FROM DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS IN GEL, CREAM AND BODY MILK FORMULATION, AGAINST DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dzoko Kungulovski ◽  
Natalija Atanasova-Pancevska
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Standard Disc

In this study the antimicrobial activity of a mixture of plant extracts originating from five different plants and suspended in three different forms of gel, cream and lotion was examined with the purpose of discovering new anti-microbial compounds. The antimicrobial activity was investigated through the standard disc diffusion method, as well as through a variation of the microdillution method. The formulations under examination (gel, cream and lotion) showed a broad spectrum of action against all the selected microorganisms, with inhibition zones of 9–46 mm. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all the formulations against the microorganisms in the study was in the range of 0.000761μg ml-1 to 0.125μg ml-1. The results of this study have clearly demonstrated that the mixture of plant extracts originating from five different plants and suspended in the forms of gel, cream and lotion can definitely be used in the battle against the microorganisms under investigation.

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