Importance of Crop Wild Relatives and Landraces Genetic Resources in Plant Breeding Programmes

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Berk Benlioğlu ◽  
M. Sait Adak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Plant genetic resources are the biological basis of global food security. Agricultural diversity and genetic resources should be used more effectively to sustain the current level of food production and to solve future problems. The importance of plant genetic resources in the improvement of varieties with new features is indisputably known. The most effective use of plant genetic resources is undoubtedly in plant breeding and improvement of new varieties. In other words, it is used as a genitor. Since the cultivars are often inadequate in many genes, especially biotic and abiotic stress factors (diseases, pests, cold, drought, etc.), breeders constantly search for new sources of genetic materials. This review is based on reports in the landraces (primitive) varieties and crop wild relatives to explain the importance of genetic resources in plant breeding of reviewing scientific literature to pass.

Climate change and crop wild relatives: can species track their suitable environment, and what do they lose in the process?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen M. P. Cobben ◽  
Rob van Treuren ◽  
Theo J. L. van Hintum
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Species Distribution Models ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Dispersal Capacity

Crop wild relatives are an increasingly important source of plant genetic resources for plant breeders. Several studies have estimated the effects of climate change on the distribution of crop wild relatives, using species distribution models. In this approach, two important aspects, i.e. species' dispersal capacity and founder effects, are currently not taken into account. Neglecting these aspects can lead to an underestimation of the climate change-induced threat to the size of the species range and the conservation of range-wide levels of genetic diversity. This paper presents two recommendations for the interpretation of the results obtained with these models. The integration of process-based simulation models and statistical species distribution models will facilitate the inclusion of dispersal processes and founder effects in future assessments of the resilience of plant genetic resources under climate change.

scholarly journals Identification of ecogeographical gaps in the Spanish Aegilops collections with potential tolerance to drought and salinity

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa María Garcia ◽  
Mauricio Parra-Quijano ◽  
Jose María Iriondo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Potential Tolerance

Drought, one of the most important abiotic stress factors limiting biomass, significantly reduces crop productivity. Salinization also affects the productivity of both irrigated and rain-fed wheat crops. Species of genus Aegilops can be considered crop wild relatives (CWR) of wheat and have been widely used as gene sources in wheat breeding, especially in providing resistance to pests and diseases. Five species (Ae. biuncialis, Ae. geniculata, Ae. neglecta, Ae. triuncialis and Ae. ventricosa) are included in the Spanish National Inventory of CWRs. This study aimed to identify ecogeographic gaps in the Spanish Network on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) with potential tolerance to drought and salinity. Data on the Spanish populations of the target species collected and conserved in genebanks of the Spanish Network on PGRFA and data on other population occurrences in Spain were compiled and assessed for their geo-referencing quality. The records with the best geo-referencing quality values were used to identify the ecogeographical variables that might be important for Aegilops distribution in Spain. These variables were then used to produce ecogeographic land characterization maps for each species, allowing us to identify populations from low and non-represented ecogeographical categories in ex situ collections. Predictive characterization strategy was used to identify 45 Aegilops populations in these ecogeographical gaps with potential tolerance to drought and salinity conditions. Further efforts are being made to collect and evaluate these populations.

scholarly journals The Role of Genetic Resources in Breeding for Climate Change: The Case of Public Breeding Programmes in Eighteen Developing Countries

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gea Galluzzi ◽  
Aseffa Seyoum ◽  
Michael Halewood ◽  
Isabel López Noriega ◽  
Eric W. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Breeding Work ◽  
Policy Adaptation ◽  
Breeding Programmes

The role of plant breeding in adapting crops to climate changes that affect food production in developing countries is recognized as extremely important and urgent, alongside other agronomic, socio-economic and policy adaptation pathways. To enhance plant breeders’ capacity to respond to climate challenges, it is acknowledged that they need to be able to access and use as much genetic diversity as they can get. Through an analysis of data from a global survey, we explore if and how public breeders in selected developing countries are responding to climate challenges through a renewed or innovative use of plant genetic resources, particularly in terms of types of material incorporated into their breeding work as well as sources of such germplasm. It also looks at the possible limitations breeders encounter in their efforts towards exploring diversity for adaptation. Breeders are clearly considering climate challenges. In general, their efforts are aimed at intensifying their breeding work on traits that they were already working on before climate change was so widely discussed. Similarly, the kinds of germplasm they use, and the sources from which they obtain it, do not appear to have changed significantly over the course of recent years. The main challenges breeders faced in accessing germplasm were linked to administrative/legal factors, particularly related to obtaining genetic resources across national borders. They also underscore technical challenges such as a lack of appropriate technologies to exploit germplasm sets such as crop wild relatives and landraces. Addressing these limitations will be crucial to fully enhance the role of public sector breeders in helping to adapt vulnerable agricultural systems to the challenges of climate change.

Fishing in the gene pool – how useful was the catch?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
Robert Koebner ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Section Meeting ◽  
Breeding Programmes

A commentary on the highlights of the 2013 EUCARPIA (the European Associationc for Research on Plant Breeding) Plant Genetic Resources Section meeting at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp is presented here. The central theme of the meeting was the use of plant genetic resources in pre-breeding programmes, particularly in the context of incipient climate change and human population pressure.

Plant genomics in view of plant genetic resources – an introduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
pp. S6-S8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
New Era ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Food

Genetic resources form the basis of the new era of global food security. The food crises in many developing countries, reflected by food riots correlated with food prices, have been termed the Silent Tsunami. Plant genetic resources are clearly essential to food security for the future. Fortunately, genetic resources are generally considered a public good and shared internationally. Wild relatives of crop species and their derivatives represent the reservoir of genetic diversity that will help to meet the food demands of nine billion people by 2050. New technologies from genomics bolster conventional plant breeding for enhancing traits to meet these food demands. Genetic diversity is the lifeblood of traditional and modern plant breeding. The dramatic increase in the number of biotech crops reveals the value of new genetic resources. Genetic resources will provide a gateway to a new era of global food security. Although 7.4 million plant accessions are stored in 1750 germplasm banks around the world, only a small portion of the accessions has been used so far to produce commercial varieties. Our challenge is to find better ways to make more efficient use of gene bank materials for meeting food demands in the future.

scholarly journals Cabo Verde’s Poaceae Flora: A Reservoir of Crop Wild Relatives Diversity for Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanézia Rocha ◽  
Maria C. Duarte ◽  
Silvia Catarino ◽  
Ivani Duarte ◽  
Maria M. Romeiras
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Cabo Verde

Africa is home to important centers of origin and diversity of crop wild relatives (CWR), including many species adapted to adverse agroecological conditions, namely drought and poor soils. Plant genetic resources from Cabo Verde Islands have been poorly explored for their potential to supplement the genetic pool of cultivated species. In this paper we identify Cabo Verde’s CWR from the Poaceae family and provide a checklist of priority CWR taxa, highlighting those of particular conservation concern and the areas which should be the focus of the most intensive conservation efforts in these islands. Our results revealed that Cabo Verde archipelago is an important center of CWR diversity of West African crop millets, namely fonio (e.g., white fonio, Digitaria exilis, and black fonio, Digitaria iburua) and other African millets [e.g., pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus = Pennisetum glaucum), teff millet (Eragrostis tef), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), barnyard millet (Echinochloa colona), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica)], which represent a diverse group of cereal crops, and important components in agriculture and food security of this country. Also, hotspot areas of diversity for in situ conservation were identified in Cabo Verde, as well as several populations occurring under extreme habitats conditions that are well adapted to drylands and poor soils. The evaluation of their potential for new ecologically important adaptive characteristics associated with tolerance to abiotic stresses is discussed. The survey of international Germplasm Banks revealed that very few accessions from Cabo Verde are conserved, contributing to the loss of genetic diversity of plant genetic resources in this archipelago. Particularly, the diversity of millets and the associated indigenous knowledge are critical for the food security and cultural identity of many poor farmers in Cabo Verde.

scholarly journals Mobilization of plant genetic resources from the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
A. B. Kurina ◽  
L. M. Kalashnikova ◽  
A. Yu. Paritov ◽  
G. Kh. Kirzhinov ◽  
A. M. Artemyeva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Collecting Mission

Background. The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is one of the floristically unique territories in the Russian Federation. Its vegetation, especially in the mountainous and foothill areas, is very rich due to, inter alia, the extremely complex and diverse relief. Over 50% of the entire Caucasian flora is present in the republic, representing all main groups of plant formations, except subtropical and tropical ones. It seems relevant to search for and collect crop wild relatives as well as landraces of vegetables and cucurbits cultivated for a long time in the surveyed territory and adapted to local environmental conditions in order to add new genetic resources of these crops to the VIR collection.Methods. The expedition route included explorations of the foothill and highland areas of Kabardino-Balkaria, and familiarization with the seed assortment available at the markets and agricultural stores in Nalchik and Prokhladny. The target areas were surveyed from August 18 through 26, 2019, by one- or two-day trips starting from Nalchik. The length of the itinerary was about 600 km.Results. The collecting mission examined local farms and homesteads, explored the mountains, and collected 256 local and commercial cultivars of vegetable and cucurbit crops, 69 seed and vegetative samples of vegetable crop wild relatives, plus a number of fodder plant samples. Russian and foreign breeding companies whose cultivars are popular in Kabar dino-Balkaria were identified. 

ALLOCATION OF SOURCES AND DONORS OF ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS FROM THE COLLECTION MATERIAL OF CUCUMBER TO CREATE HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
N. V. Kulyakina ◽  
G. A. Kuzmitskaya ◽  
T. K. Yurechko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Damage Degree ◽  
Economically Valuable Traits ◽  
Far Eastern

The downy mildew (peronosporosis) is the most dangerous and harmful cucumber disease in the Far-Eastern region. Its harmfulness is the highest during the period of flowering – fruiting, because it may completely ruin the cucumber plants both in open and protected ground. Use of cucumber sorts with effective genes that are resistant to the disease is the most efficient way to fight cucumber peronosporosis. In this connection the publication adduces the facts of study the sorts and hybrids of different ecological and geographical origin from the genetic resources collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in comparison with three zoned sorts of DV NIISH selection – Mig, Khabar, Amurchonok. The aim of researches – to identify the sort samples cucumber according to the main economically valuable traits and also to the degree resistance of genetypes to the main disease of the culture in the region – downy mildew (peronosporosis), for allow to select the source material for the creation of sorts and hybrids, highly productive and resistant to biotic and abiotic stress environmental factors in the monsoon climate conditions of Khabarovsk region. The perspective genetypes having both the resistance to the diseases and productivity are not revealed as a result of the evaluation of the collection of cucumber samples according to their susceptibility by fungus diseases and productivity. Slavyanskiy (Belarus) is more resistant to peronosporosis, especially in 2016 year conditions, although it was inferior to the damage degree of disease to the zoned sorts – Mig, Khabar, Amurchonok. This perspective sample is planned to be used as a source of donors of the main economically valuable traits in a further selective work.

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