scholarly journals Effect of Soil Preparation and Layers on the Weighted Mean Diameter and Geometric Mean Diameter of a Red Distroferric Latosol

Author(s):  
Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Márcio William Roque ◽  
Antônio Renan Berchol da Silva ◽  
Fábio Kempim Pittelkow ◽  
...  

The objective of this work was to study the influence of three management systems on the physical attributes and productivity of irrigated wheat, cultivar BRS-254, in the city of Tangara da Serra, MT.  The soil physical attributes were: weighted mean diameter (DMP) and geometric mean diameter (DMG).  The experimental design was in randomized blocks. The treatments for weighted average diameter (WMD) and geometric mean diameter (DMG) were arranged in a subdivided plot scheme, with eight replications. The tilting preparations obtained the highest DMPs compared to SD both in the 0-10 cm layer and in the 10-20 cm layer, a result possibly related to the incorporation of residues during the soil preparation associated with higher mucilage production promoted by higher activity of the root system of the crop, which found better soil physical conditions for its development. The PC presented a reduction in DMP when comparing the value in the 0-10 cm layer with the value in the 10-20 cm layer. The significant effect of soil preparation on DMG can also be a result of the incorporation of residues during the preparation, associated to the effect of higher root volume promoted by the higher root growth of the crop in these preparations, which, in turn, guarantee greater production of mucilages promoting greater soil aggregation and higher DMG. The use of the disk grid in the PC and PM interferes with the soil attributes. Soil inversion provided higher WMD and DMG.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
SWAPNIL G. JAISWAL ◽  
BHUSHAN R. DOLE ◽  
SANGRAM K. SATPATHY ◽  
S.N. NAIK

Seabuckthorn is a highly perishable fruit found in trans-Himalayan region and North-Eastern part of India. It has enormous nutritional and medicinal properties. Physical attributes of fruits play an important role in the design of machines to meet various harvest and post harvest operations. In the present study properties like dimensions, true density, bulk density, sphericity, porosity and angle of repose were measured and correlated with the mass of the fruit. In addition linear, polynomial, quadratic, logarithmic and exponential models were used for mass and surface area. The length, diameter, thousand berry weight, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, surface area, aspect ratio, angle of repose, sphericity, porosity, true density, bulk density, moisture content were found in the range of 6.5-7.5, 4.74-6.28, 362.67-910.14, 5.49-6.99, 6.17-6.24, 76.87-154.76, 72.81-83.73, 3.59-6.82, 65.84-90.47, 17.05-60.07, 647.19-1399.24, 453.81-725.88, 84.53-87.34 respectively. Polynomial model was suited to be best for mass with length and diameter. Polynomial model between surface area and geometric mean diameter gave highest R2 of 0.981.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Willian dos Reis ◽  
Monica C. Sustakowski ◽  
Edleusa P. Seidel ◽  
Maria do C. Lana ◽  
Renata F. Barabasz ◽  
...  

The cultivation of cover crops is a vegetative practice considered an alternative for sustainable soil management, due to its beneficial action in different aspects of soil properties. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivation of different species of cover crops on soil density, porosity and diameter of soil aggregates. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments consisted of four species of winter green manure: black oat, forage turnip, forage pea, and common vetch, a consortium of black oat + forage turnip and area kept fallow (control). The following evaluations were performed: dry matter production of cover crops, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, geometric mean diameter and weighted average diameter. The cultivation with forage turnip and the consortium of black oat + forage turnip presented higher dry matter productivity, decreased soil density, increased soil porosity, improved the distribution in relation to macropores and aggregate stability.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Juliana Gress Bortolini ◽  
Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares ◽  
Matheus Junckes Muller ◽  
Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira ◽  
Edenilson Meyer ◽  
...  

Crop systems using cover crops affect soil physical, chemical, and biological attributes, including aggregate formation. This work aims to evaluate winter cover crop species' effect on soil total organic carbon, glomalin, and aggregation in areas with onion crops in a no-tillage vegetable production system (NTVS) and conventional tillage system (CTS) for eight years. The experiment treatments were: control, with natural vegetation(NV); black oats (Avena strigosa); rye(Secale cereale);oilseed radish(Raphanus sativus);intercropped black oats and oilseed radish; intercropped rye and oilseed radish; and a conventional tillage systems area. A 33-year old adjacent secondary forest was evaluated as a reference for undisturbed conditions. We assessed soil total organic carbon, total glomalin, and easily extractable glomalin in three soil layers (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm depth). Undisturbed samples were used to quantify soil aggregate stability, aggregation indexes (weighted mean diameter; geometric mean diameter), aggregate mass distribution (macroaggregates, mesoaggregates), and macroaggregate carbon contents. The conventional tillage areas had the lowest weighted mean soil aggregate diameter, geometric mean diameter, and macroaggregate mass. Those areas also had the lowest bulk soil and aggregate organic carbon contents and the lowest total and easily extractable glomalin. Winter cover crops' use resulted in a 10% higher aggregate weighted mean diameter and geometric mean diameter. Areas with cover crops had 13% higher organic carbon contents in aggregates and 17% higher macroaggregate mass than conventional tillage areas. The highest values of total and easily extracted glomalin occurred in plots with black oats. Winter cover crops, single or intercropped, improved physical attributes of soils with onion crops under not-tillage compared to conventional tillage areas.


Author(s):  
XINWANG LIU ◽  
YING-MING WANG

Based on the current developments of fuzzy weighted average and generalized fuzzy weighted average, especially Karnik-Mendel (KM) algorithms and the works of Wang and Luo (Generalised fuzzy weighted mean and its applications, International Journal of General Systems, 2009, 38, 533–546), the paper analyses some properties of the generalized fuzzy weighted mean (GFWM) and proposes analytical solution method for the GFWM problem. The solution processes and the final solution forms are more simple and accurate than the current GFWM solution, which use samples of the alpha-cuts and get the final solutions approximately. Numerical examples illustrate the analytical solution computing processes for fuzzy weighted average (FWA), fuzzy weighted harmonic mean (FWHM), fuzzy weighted geometric mean (FWGM) and GFWM with exponential and power functions, respectively.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2660
Author(s):  
Vandayse Abades Rosa ◽  
Joaquim Pedro Soares Neto

Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAF’s) têm permitido a recuperação de áreas degradadas, a produção de cultivos de alimentos, madeiras e fibras, além de gerar serviços ambientais, como aumento da matéria orgânica do solo e conservação da biodiversidade. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos SAF’s nos atributos físicos do solo e no estoque de carbono em um Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico dos cerrados do oeste da Bahia. Os aspectos avaliados foram: Cerrado nativo, sistema com cacau/banana/arvores nativas com 18 anos de uso (SAF.1), eucalipto/pastagem com 8 anos de uso (SAF.2) e eucalipto de rebrota/pastagem (SAF.3). As amostras foram coletadas em camadas de 0,0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,40 e 0,40-0,50 m em quatro repetições em cada talhão e a análise de variância processada de acordo como delineamento inteiramente casualizado, além disso, realizou-se uma análise de componentes principais com o objetivo de verificar quais parâmetros poderiam diferenciar ou indicar similaridade entre os sistemas.  Os sistemas apresentaram alterações na densidade do solo, diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico, agregados maiores que 2 mm, agregados menores que 2 mm e estoque de carbono orgânico. Na camada superficial todos os sistemas apresentaram DS superior ao da CN. DMP, DMG, agregados maiores que 2 mm e estoque de carbono foram alterados pelos SAF´s, principalmente nas camadas até 0,30 m. A analise de componentes principais mostrou que que tanto os atributos físicos como o carbono apresentaram altas correlações com a componente principal 1 e apenas o carbono com alta correlação com a componente principal 2. Physical Attributes and Carbon Stock in Agroforestry Systems in the “Cerrados” of Western BahiaA B S T R A C TAgroforestry systems (SAFs) have allowed the recovery of degraded areas, the production of food, wood and fibers crops, as well as generating environmental services such as increased soil organic matter and biodiversity conservation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of SAFs on soil physical attributes and carbon stock in a Quartzarenic Orthic Neosol of the “Cerrados” of western Bahia. The evaluated aspects were the native “Cerrado”, system with cacao / banana / native trees with 18 years of use (SAF.1), eucalyptus / pasture with 8 years of use (SAF.2) and eucalyptus of regrowth / pasture (SAF.3). Samples were collected in layers of 0.0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30; 0.30-0.40 and 0.40-0.50m in four replicates in each plot and analysis of variance processed according to a completely randomized design. In addition, an analysis of main components was carried out in order to verify which parameters could differentiate or indicate similarity between the systems. The systems presented changes in soil density, weighted mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, aggregates larger than 2 mm, aggregates smaller than 2 mm and organic carbon stock. In the surface layer, all the systems presented DS higher than of that of CN. DMP, DMG, aggregates larger than 2 mm and carbon stock were altered by SAF's, mainly in layers up to 0.30 m. Principal component analysis showed that both physical attributes and carbon had high correlations with the main component 1 and only the carbon with high correlation with the main component 2.Key words: Soil quality, CO2 sequestration, organic matter.  


2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 29997-30053
Author(s):  
A. Virkkula ◽  
J. Backman ◽  
P. P. Aalto ◽  
M. Hulkkonen ◽  
L. Riuttanen ◽  
...  

Abstract. Scattering and absorption were measured at the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland, from October 2006 to May 2009. The average scattering coefficient σSP (λ=550 nm) 18 Mm−1 was about twice as much as at the Pallas GAW station in Finnish Lapland. The average absorption coefficient σAP (λ=550 nm) was 2.1 Mm−1. The seasonal cycles were analyzed from hourly-averaged data classified according to the measurement month. The ratio of the highest to the lowest average σSP and σAP was ~1.8 and ~2.8, respectively. The average single-scattering albedo (ω0) was 0.86 in winter and 0.91 in summer. σSP was highly correlated with the volume concentrations calculated from number size distributions in the size range 0.003–10 μm yielding PM10 mass scattering efficiency of 2.75 ± 0.01 g m−2 at λ=550 nm. Scattering coefficients were also calculated from the number size distributions by using a Mie code and the refractive index of ammonium sulfate. The linear regression yielded σSP(modelled)=1.04×σSP(measured) but there were also large deviations from the regression line: 10% of the σSP(modelled)-to-σSP(measured) ratios, calculated for each hour, were smaller than 0.9 and 10% of them were larger than 1.27. The scattering size distributions were bimodal, with a large submicrometer mode with geometric mean diameters Dg between ~300 and 400 nm and a smaller supermicrometer mode with Dg at ~1.5–1.9 μm. The contribution of submicrometer particles to scattering was ~90%. The Ångström exponent of scattering, αSP, was compared with the following weighted mean diameters: count mean diameter (CMD), surface mean diameter (SMD), scattering mean diameter (ScMD), condensation sink mean diameter (CsMD), and volume mean diameter (VMD). If αSP is to be used for estimating some measure of the size of particles, the best choice would be ScMD, then SMD, and then VMD. In all of these the qualitative relationship is similar: the larger the Ångström exponent, the smaller the weighted mean diameter. Contrary to these, CMD increased with increasing αSP and CsMD did not have any clear relationship with αSP. Source regions were estimated with backtrajectories and trajectory statistics. The geometric mean σSP and σAP associated with the grid cells in Eastern Europe were in the range 20–40 Mm−1 and 4–6 Mm−1, respectively. The respective geometric means of σSP and σAP in the grid cells over Norwegian Sea were in the range 5–10 Mm−1 and <1 Mm−1. The source areas associated with high αSP values were norther than those for σSP and σAP. The trajectory statistical approach and a simple wind sector classification agreed well.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e42453
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Fonseca da Silva ◽  
Patriciani Estela Cipriano ◽  
Matias Siueia Junior ◽  
Geslin Mars ◽  
Moacir de Souza Dias Junior

Aggregates are the primary structural components of soil and have been used as an indicator of soil quality in conservation systems. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of slow pre-wetting on the results of the aggregate stability test for different classes of tropical soils. Data were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial design with three replications, in which the first factor comprised the two methods of pre-treatment on soil aggregates: without pre-wetting (WOPW), which considered the moisture of the aggregates in the field, and with pre-wetting (WPW), which considered the slow wetting of aggregates through capillarity on wet filter paper for 24h. The second factor consisted of four soil classes: Typic Dystrustept (Cambissolo Aplico distrófico in Embrapa), Typic Hapludult (Argissolo Amarelo distrófico), Rhodic Kandiudult (Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico), and Anionic Acrudox (Latossolo Vermelho distróferrico) and considered horizons A and B. The pre-wetting significantly increased the values of the weighted average diameter, geometric mean diameter and aggregate stability index. In soils with high organic carbon content, the practice of pre-moistening did not provide variation in aggregation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Andrea De Montis ◽  
Vittorio Serra ◽  
Giovanna Calia ◽  
Daniele Trogu ◽  
Antonio Ledda

Composite indicators (CIs), i.e., combinations of many indicators in a unique synthetizing measure, are useful for disentangling multisector phenomena. Prominent questions concern indicators’ weighting, which implies time-consuming activities and should be properly justified. Landscape fragmentation (LF), the subdivision of habitats in smaller and more isolated patches, has been studied through the composite index of landscape fragmentation (CILF). It was originally proposed by us as an unweighted combination of three LF indicators for the study of the phenomenon in Sardinia, Italy. In this paper, we aim at presenting a weighted release of the CILF and at developing the Hamletian question of whether weighting is worthwhile or not. We focus on the sensitivity of the composite to different algorithms combining three weighting patterns (equalization, extraction by principal component analysis, and expert judgment) and three indicators aggregation rules (weighted average mean, weighted geometric mean, and weighted generalized geometric mean). The exercise provides the reader with meaningful results. Higher sensitivity values signal that the effort of weighting leads to more informative composites. Otherwise, high robustness does not mean that weighting was not worthwhile. Weighting per se can be beneficial for more acceptable and viable decisional processes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
Lakshay Khandelwal ◽  
Aditi Agarwal

In this paper, underpricing of Initial Public Offerings across thirteen different sectors in the Indian stock market have been analyzed, during the period 2010–2020 (Data available till 31st October 2020). A sample of 129 companies, having an issue size greater than INR 100 crores, was examined and analyzed through IPO listing gains, weighted mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. The study shows that Retail, FMCG and Consumer Durables industry was underpriced the most while Engineering, Construction and Infrastructure industry issues were underpriced the least or overpriced. It was also found that Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) could be a window to make immediate gains in a very short period of time if thorough analysis of the issues and the market conditions is performed. Furthermore, it was observed that the first day return of the companies varies highly and cannot be fairly predicted by the weighted average first day return of the respective sector.


2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Grossi ◽  
Eliane Aparecida Del Lama

AbstractThis paper presents the evaluation of the conservation of the Monument to Ramos de Azevedo through a study of the ultrasound pulse velocity. The Monument to Ramos de Azevedo is of great importance for the history of the city of São Paulo (Brazil), because it honors the architect who was fundamental in the architectural and social development of the city. This monument was built with Itaquera Granite, a stone widely used in the cultural heritage of the city, which is more specifically called biotite monzogranite. The equipment used was the V-Meter Mark III and only P waves were used with 54 kHz transducers. Several measurements were taken on the monument and on fresh stone, and the results were compared. Results showed that the stone is in good condition even after changing locations twice because the values are very close to those of the fresh sample. The low values were attributed to internal discontinuities or biotite enclaves, the latter being very common in the Itaquera Granite.


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