Effect of Heavy Metals on Creatinine Level in Human Blood Samples of Inhabitants Living in the Vicinity of Hudiara Drain, Lahore, Pakistan

Aims: Modern industrialization, anthropogenic and industrial activities have increased the risk of human exposure to heavy metals and in turn effecting human health badly. Hundreds of millions of people are globally affected by heavy metal toxicity through contaminated water in one way or. another. In order to find a correlation between the heavy metal concentrations and serum creatinine level, a study was conducted on the inhabitants living near the Hudiara drain suffering from kidney diseases. Study Design: The subjects (n=498) were selected from the vicinity of polluted Hudiara drain to conduct this matched case–control study in 2019-2020. Instrumental techniques were used for the determination of heavy metals and creatinine was determined by using Kit. The correlation between heavy metals and creatinine was checked. Place and Duration of Study: To determine heavy metals and creatinine in blood, samples were collected from the habitants of Hudiara drain and the control group 100Km far from Hudiara drain. Methodology: Blood samples of male subjects with and tested for heavy metals in the blood using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and creatinine level using Creatinine Elisa Kit. The study was conducted in 2020 and included n= 498 healthy volunteers (control) and n=498 effected (suffering from chronic kidney disease). Results: The ANOVA shows the significant difference between two groups i.e. control group and affected group in all traits of the respondents (weight, age, heavy metal values and serum creatinine level). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated for heavy metals and creatinine subjects’ blood samples. It was found that heavy metal levels in subjects have a significant correlation with serum creatinine. The study shows that serum creatinine level has no significant correlation with age, so is independent of age. Conclusion: The concentration of heavy metal contaminants (Cd, Hg, Pb) in the blood of the inhabitants of Hudiara drain flowing in Lahore city, Pakistan is highly polluted by industrial effluents. The effects of higher concentration of heavy metals in the inhabitants of Hudiara drain have been determined in serum creatinine levels. It was observed that high serum creatinine values are found in subjects suffering from CKD.

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Heavy metal levels in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) foraging in some abattoirs in Lagos State metropolis

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00529-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elijah Abakpa Adegbe ◽

Oluwaseyi Oluwabukola Babajide ◽

Lois Riyo Maina ◽

Shola Elijah Adeniji

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Accumulation ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽

Bubulcus Ibis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Lagos State ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Heavy metal accumulation in the ecosystem constitutes a potential toxic effect which is hazardous to human health. Increasing environmental pollution has necessitated the use of cattle egrets to evaluate the levels of heavy metal contamination, to establish their use in biomonitoring of heavy metals and to provide data for monitoring pollution in the environment. Results The present study assessed the utilization of Bubulcus ibis in monitoring pollution in five abattoirs, namely Agege, Bariga, Kara, Itire and Idi-Araba, all situated in Lagos State. The concentration of five (5) heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) was determined in the liver, muscle and feather of Bubulcus ibis using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The trend of metal accumulation was in the order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Ni for all the sampled tissues. The mean tissue concentrations of the metals were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the sites. The highest levels of metal concentration were reported in the liver in all the locations. Mean concentration of Cd in Kara (0.003 ± 0.00058) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those found at Agege (0.0013 ± 0.00058) and Idi-Araba (0.001 ± 0.001). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was also observed between the mean concentrations of Cu in Bariga (0.01 ± 0.001) and Idi-Araba (0.003 ± 0.001). Conclusion All the studied heavy metals were present in the liver, muscle and feathers of the cattle egrets. The contamination levels were ascertained from the study which indicated that cattle egrets are useful in biomonitoring studies and the generated data will serve as baseline data which could be compared with data from other locations for monitoring heavy metal pollution.

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Effect of Fasting on Temporal Variation in the Nephrotoxicity of Amphotericin B in Rats

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.43.3.520 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 520-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Michel LeBrun ◽

Louis Grenier ◽

Michel G. Bergeron ◽

Louise Thibault ◽

Gaston Labrecque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Creatinine Level ◽

Temporal Variation ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Creatinine Level ◽

Renal Toxicity ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Control Group ◽

Similar Data ◽

Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT Evidence for temporal variation in the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B was recently reported in experimental animals. The role of food in these variations was determined by studying the effect of a short fasting period on the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B. Twenty-eight normally fed and 28 fasted female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Food was available ad libitum to the fed rats, while the fasted animals were fasted 12 h before and 24 h after amphotericin B injection to minimize stress for the animals. Water was available ad libitum to both groups of rats, which were maintained on a 14-h light, 10-h dark regimen (light on at 0600 h). Renal toxicity was determined by comparing the levels of excretion of renal enzyme and the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels at the time of the maximal (0700 h) or the minimal (1900 h) nephrotoxicity after the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of dextrose (5%; control group) or amphotericin B (50 mg/kg of body weight; treated group) to the rats. The nephrotoxicities obtained after amphotericin B administration at both times of day were compared to the nephrotoxicities observed for time-matched controls. In fed animals, the 24-h urinary excretion ofN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and β-galactosidase was significantly higher when amphotericin B was injected at 0700 and 1900 h. The excretion of these two enzymes was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in fasting rats, and this effect was larger at 0700 h (P < 0.05) than at 1900 h. The serum creatinine level was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fed animals treated at 0700 h than in fed animals treated at 1900 h. Fasting reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the increase in the serum creatinine level, and this effect was larger in the animals treated at 0700 h. Similar data were obtained for BUN levels. Amphotericin B accumulation was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the renal cortexes of fed rats than in those of fasted animals, but there was no difference according to the time of injection. These results demonstrated that fasting reduces the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B and that food availability is of crucial importance in the temporal variation in the renal toxicity of amphotericin B in rats.

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Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Daio (Rhei Rhizoma) on the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy with Overt Proteinuria

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x03000850 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 31 (02) ◽

pp. 267-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Hirozo Goto ◽

Yutaka Shimada ◽

Kiyoaki Tanikawa ◽

Shigehiko Sato ◽

Hiroaki Hikiami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Creatinine Level ◽

Creatinine Level ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Control Group ◽

Dialysis Treatment ◽

Rhei Rhizoma ◽

The Mean ◽

Overt Proteinuria

We studied the effect of traditional herbal medicines containing Daio (Rhei Rhizoma) on the long-term progression of diabetic nephropathy with overt proteinuria in eight patients [mean age 60 (45–73) years; duration of diabetes 18 (7–36) years]. At the beginning of the study, mean HbA1c was 8.2% and mean serum creatinine was 1.0 ± 0.3 mg/dl. Every patient had diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy. Three of the patients had hypertension and four had ischemic heart disease. After 107 ± 25 months, the mean serum creatinine level had significantly increased to 4.8 ± 2.6 mg/dl. The mean serum creatinine levels of five patients not advancing to dialysis treatment increased from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 3.2 ± 1.0 mg/dl, and the three patients requiring dialysis increased from 0.8 ± 0.1 to 7.5 ± 2.1 mg/dl. In the control group, treated without traditional herbal medicines, the mean serum creatinine level had significantly increased from 1.0 ± 0.3 to 9.5 ± 1.9 mg/dl after 71 ± 12 months. All of the control group required dialysis treatment. Diabetic nephropathy with overt proteinuria is reported to develop into renal failure after 6–7 years. In this retrospective study, traditional herbal medicines with Daio were considered to be effective in prolonging the pre-dialysis period of diabetic nephropathy.

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Risk factors for 6-month continuation of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy for resected pancreatic cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.471 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 471-471

Author(s):

Yusuke Katayama ◽

Toru Aoyama ◽

Masahiro Asari ◽

Masaaki Murakawa ◽

Koichiro Yamaoku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Creatinine Level ◽

Creatinine Level ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Rank Test ◽

Independent Predictive Factor ◽

Significant Difference

471 Background: The factors which affect the six-month continuation of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 have not been fully evaluated in pancreatic cancer. The objective of this retrospective study was to clarify the risk factors for the discontinuation of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy after six months of treatment. Methods: The study included patients who underwent curative surgery for pancreatic cancer, were diagnosed with stage II or III disease, had a serum creatinine level < 1.2 mg/dl and received adjuvant S-1 between June 2007 and March 2014. Results: Forty patients were eligible for the present study. A comparison of the six-month continuation stratified by each clinical factor using the log-rank test revealed a significant difference in the creatinine clearance (CCr) between the patients who continued and discontinued the treatment. A CCr of 60 ml/min was regarded as a critical point. The uni- and multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard analyses demonstrated that the CCr was the only significant independent predictive factor. The six-month continuation rate was 70.8% in the patients with a CCr > 60 ml/min, and was 25.0% in patients with a CCr < 60 ml/min (P=0.008). The patients with a CCr < 60 ml/min developed adverse events more frequently and earlier than those with a CCr > 60 ml/min. Conclusions: A CCr < 60 ml/min was a significant risk factor for the six-month discontinuation of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients, even though the renal function was judged to be normal based on the serum creatinine level. Careful attention is therefore required to improve the S-1 continuation in patients with a CCr < 60 ml/min.

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Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Concentrations in Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy

Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology ◽

10.3329/bjog.v32i2.48274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 60-66

Author(s):

Salma Akter ◽

Firoza Begum ◽

Sharmin Abbasi

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Creatinine Level ◽

Creatinine Level ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Nitrite Level ◽

The Mean

During pregnancy Nitric oxide is one of the most important relaxing factors for myometrium and also in the control of blood flow in uterus and placenta. Nitric oxide is generated by endothelial type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and acts as a vasodilator. Objective:To investigate the level of nitric oxide (NO) production in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and in normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A case control study was undertaken in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from january to july 2014. The study population was pregnant women having preeclampsia and normal pregnancy who attended the OPD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in BSMMU between 29 to 40 weeks of gestation. As because of transient and volatile nature of nitric oxide, it was unsuitable to measure the nitric oxide level by conventional method. However, two stable break down product, nitrate (NO3 -) and nitrate (NO2 -) could be easily detected by sprectophototric means. Nitrate (NO2 -) was first converted to Nitrite (NO3 -) by reduction process using cadmium. Then concentration was measured by using Griess reagent in UV sprectophototric machine. This procedure was done in the Biochemistry Department, Dhaka University. Results: The mean nitrite level was found 18.37}3.64 mol/L in case group and 25.57}2.11mol/ L in control group, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control group. The mean serum creatinine level was found 1.19}0.28 mg/dl in case group and 0.65}0.1 mg/dl in control group. The mean serum creatinine level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case groups. Nitrite level had no correlation with onset of hypertension (r=-0.006; p=0.966), onset of proteinuria (r=0.071; p=0.623), systolic blood pressure (r=0.012; p=0.933), diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.159; p=0.269) and urine protein (r=0.047, p=0.748). Conclusion: As pregnancy progressed there was a decrease in plasma nitric oxide levels in preeclampsia. Urine uric acid to creatinine ratio increased with the decrease in nitric oxide levels and can be used as a marker for preeclampsia. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2017; Vol. 32(2) : 60-66

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Assessment of Heavy Metals and Related Impacts on Antioxidants and Physiological Parameters in Oil Refinery Workers in Iraq

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (31) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed A. Ajeel ◽

Akram A. Ajeel ◽

Aws Maseer Nejres ◽

Riyam Ameen Salih

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Control Group ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Background. Some heavy metals can be harmful to human health in elevated doses such as zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg), while others such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) have harmful consequences to health even in small doses. Heavy metals and additives are incorporated into crude oil to enhance performance.3,4,5 Crude oil is well known to contain heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb.3,6,7 Objective. The current study aimed to assess levels of heavy metals and the impact of these metals on antioxidant levels and physiological variables in the serum of oil refinery workers in Iraq. Methods. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu and Mg were assessed in the serum of a sample of refinery workers (N=40) and a control group (N=20) using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Additionally, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and physiological variables such as blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured to assess impact of these heavy metals. Results. Mercury, Cd, and Pb were significantly elevated in the refinery worker group in comparison with the control group, while the levels of Zn, Cu, and Mg were significantly lower in the refinery worker group compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the control group and the worker group for most of the antioxidants and functional variables. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the worker group while blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) showed a significant elevation in the workers' group. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) showed no significant difference between the control group and the worker group. Conclusions. Refinery workers are at increased risk of having higher serum levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg compared to controls which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, decrease in TAC, and decrease in the essential trace elements Zn, Cu and Mg. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. This study was approved by the ethics committee within the Nineveh Health Department, Mosul, Iraq. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Serum heavy metal levels in teenagers currently or formerly employed as gas station attendants

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v17i2.35875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 224-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ayobola Abolape Iyanda

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Metal Toxicity ◽

Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽

Work History ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Gas Station

Background: Reports are available indicating that leaded gasoline is still being made available in some parts of the world. Moreover it is also known that the crude from which petroleum products are obtained is rich in heavy metals. This means heavy metal toxicity from petrol contact is a possibility. The aim of this study is to assess selected heavy metal levels in teenagers who are currently and formerly employed as GSA.Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of teenagers divided into 3 groups. GROUP I was made up of 30 male subjects that are currently employed as GSA with less than 6 months work history; GROUP II composed of 34 male teenagers with work history in gas station not less than 20 months; GROUP III consisted of 22 male teenagers who were former attendants; the control group consisted of 35 participants, with no history of occupational exposure to fuel, or heavy metals. Information was obtained through questionnaire on demography, life-style and clinical symptoms of gasoline exposure. Serum heavy metal levels were estimated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Student’s t test and analysis of variance were employed to determine the level of significant difference. P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results and Discussion: The serum levels of lead, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and aluminium of GSA in GROUPS I and II were significantly higher compared with control. On the other hand, there were significant increases in levels of lead and cadmium in GROUP III compared with control. Additionally, majority of test subjects in GROUPS I and II identified headache and fatigue as symptoms associated with workplace. Teenage GSA are prone to heavy metal toxicity and discontinuing contact with gas station environment did not resolve this occupational hazard.Conclusion: Gonadotoxic effect of some of these elements on these categories of subjects who are within reproductive stage is possible. Therefore appropriate measure should be taken to address it.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(2) 2018 p.224-229

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Kidney histotexure and serum creatinine level in response to concurrent administration of alcohol and coffee in mice

Bangladesh Veterinarian ◽

10.3329/bvet.v32i2.30609 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

MT Islam ◽

MK Islam ◽

MZ Hossain ◽

MA Wares

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Renal Function ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Creatinine Level ◽

Creatinine Level ◽

Control Group ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Concurrent Administration ◽

Group A ◽

High Doses

The effect of alcohol and coffee on renal function with pathological changes in kidney was determined in mice. Sixty Albino mice were randomly divided into six equal groups. The mice of group A were maintained as control and remaining five groups were used as treated groups. The mice of control group were supplied with normal mice pellets whereas other groups were supplied with same pellets in addition to 5% coffee (in drinking water), 10% coffee, 10% alcohol, 5% coffee plus 5% alcohol and 10% coffee plus 10% alcohol, for 90 days. The serum creatinine level was significantly (P<0.01) higher in groups supplied with alcohol. There was huge infiltration of reactive cells and mild haemorrhagic spots in kidney of mice that received 10% coffee and 10% alcohol, respectively. It is suggested that long use of high doses of alcohol and coffee impaired kidney function.Bangl. vet. 2015. Vol. 32, No. 2, 42-47

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WHAT IS THE EFFECTS OF PARACETAMOL APPLIED AT DIFFERENT DOSES TO HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN RAT FETUS?

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.78.1008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (9(78)) ◽

pp. 9-16

Author(s):

Y. Seher Y. ◽

A. Vugar A. ◽

T. Adem T. ◽

A. Şükrü ◽

U. İlyas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Trace Element ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Rat Fetus ◽

Toxic Concentration ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Metal Levels ◽

Different Doses

Paracetamol is the first preferred pharmacological agent as a pain reliever and antipyretic in all periods of pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to analyze trace element and heavy metal levels in the placenta, intestinal and kidney tissues of rats in the early development period of paracetamol. Sixteen pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups; the control group, the 50 mg/kg paracetamol group, the 250 mg/kg paracetamol group, the 500 mg/kg paracetamol group. There was a statistically significant decrease in the placental weight of the experimental groups compared to the control group. However, a statistically significant difference was found in terms of cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb) levels compared to the control group and the groups that received various doses of paracetamol. There were also statistically significant differences in intestinal chromium (Cr), selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) levels in the studied groups. In addition, significant differences were detected in all trace elements and heavy metal levels except Cd in the groups studied in kidney tissue (p <0.01 for all). As a result, it was determined that the use of paracetamol during pregnancy disrupted the current balance due to the increase in dose. In addition, it was observed that the weight of the placenta decreased due to the paracetamol dose, and the placenta Pb and Co levels increased. In other tissues, there was no toxic concentration at heavy metal and trace element levels, but the highest levels were determined in the control group.

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Heavy Metal Pollution and Men Infertility in Al-Falluja City

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.13.4.819-828 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 819-828

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Male Partner ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽

Sperm Dna ◽

The Stability ◽

Pcr Techniques

Infertilityis oneuof the most problemsathatufacingaadvancedunations. In the general, about halfof allacasesaof the infertility are causedby factors thaturelated toathe male partner. Propos educausesvofumalev infertility include evgeneticuand environmental factors. Blood samples from 64 infertileumen allawere living in urban its al-Fallujah city (30 azospermeiauand 34 oligospermeia) and 32 fertile men (asuthe control group) were collected. Heavy metal concentrations inusera of infertile and fertile groupswereumeasured by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Y- chromosomemicrodeletions were detected by using PCR techniques. Significantdifferences (P?0.05)uin the concentration ofucopper (0.0267±0.0147 and 0.0278±0.0273, for infertileuand fertile group respectively), cadmium (0.0477± 0.0038 and 0.0446±0.0059, respectively) and zinc (1.08 ± 0.16) in fertile groupamoreover wereadetected, no deletionsawere recorded in Y Chromosome in peopleuwho exposed to heavy metals in each a azospermiavor severe oligospermia groups. Spermatogenesis disruption in theamale at any phase of cell differentiationamay be increased the abnormaluof sperm count also decrease theutotalspermucount, impair the stability of sperm chromatinuordamageain the sperm DNA.

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