scholarly journals Pesticide Residue Levels in Soil, Water, Kales and Tomatoes in Ewaso Narok Wetland, Laikipia, County, Kenya

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Peter Ngolo ◽  
Mildred Nawiri ◽  
Alex Machocho ◽  
Helida Oyieke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wetland Biodiversity ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Soil, water, kales and tomatoes from Ewaso Narok wetland were collected during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for 15 pesticide residues. Multi-residues method (QuEChERS EN) was used for sample preparation and Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) used for analysis. The soil was highly contaminated compared to water, kales and tomatoes. Banned (Aldicarb, azinphos methyl) and restricted (diazinon, chlorpyrifos and fenpropathrin) pesticide residues were detected in sample matrices in different concentrations. Residues levels that exceeded the European Union (EU) maximum residues limit (MRLs) were found in kales (triadimefon, cyproconazole I and II, fenpropathrin), tomatoes (cyproconazole I and II, fenpropathrin and spiroxamine) and water (aldicarb). All the pesticide residues concentrations were within the recommended levels of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Agricultural Food Organization (FAO). Residue levels were significantly high in the upstream and midstream during wet and dry seasons. Temperatures, conductivity (EC), pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured to assess soil/water quality. All the physicochemical parameters were within the recommended levels. Though most residue levels were below the EU-MRLs, MCLs and within the toxicological levels (LD50), the negative effects of the long term exposure to the wetland biodiversity and human health are real and should not be ignored. Farmers need to embrace Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in order to reduce over-reliance on pesticide use in the wetland.

scholarly journals Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes and French Beans from Murang’a and Kiambu Counties, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Evans Kipkemoi ◽  
Warren A. Andayi ◽  
Eric C. Njagi ◽  
Brian Ptoton
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health And Environmental Effects ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
French Beans ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Poor Pesticide-handling practices during production of tomatoes and French beans pose adverse health and environmental effects. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans grown and sold in Murang’a and Kiambu counties, Kenya. Samples were collected in farms and markets during the wet and dry seasons. Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method and quantified using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The recoveries of pesticides from spiked samples were within the acceptable range (70-120%) for quantitative pesticide residue methods. The concentration range of pesticides residues in tomatoes were: profenofos, <LOQ to 0.18 mg/Kg;   omethoate, <LOQ to 0.03 mg/Kg; indoxacarb, <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.11 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl < LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentration range of pesticides residues in French beans were: imidacloprid <LOQ to 0.29 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.37 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; indoxacarb <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl <LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans were below the Maximum Residue Levels set by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme and the European Union except for concentrations of omethoate in tomatoes, which were higher in 29% of analyzed samples. The presence of omethoate in tomatoes, whose use in vegetables  is banned, suggests poor pesticide handling practices by some tomato farmers in the two  counties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits from the Valencian Community (Spain)

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1122-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen M Torres ◽  
Yolanda Picó ◽  
Rosa Marín ◽  
Jordi Mañes
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticide ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Approximately 200 citrus samples from markets of the Valencian Community (Spain) were analyzed to establish their residue levels in 12 organophosphorus pesticide residues during the 1994-1995 campaign. The organophosphorus pesticides carbophenothion, chlorpyriphos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, ethion, fenitrothion, malathion, methidation, methylparathion, phosmet, quinalphos, and tetradifon were simultaneously extracted by matrix solidphase dispersion and determined by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring mode. A total of 32.25% contained pesticide residues and 6.9% exceeded the European Union Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The pesticides found in the samples with residues above MRLs were carbophenothion, ethion, methidathion, and methyl parathion. Lower level residues of these and the other pesticides studied (except diazinon) were frequently found. The estimated daily intake of the 12 organophosphorus pesticide residues during the studied period was 4.87 x 10−4 mg/kg body weight/day. This value is lower than the provisional tolerances dairy intakes proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals An quantificational method for 51 pesticide residues determination in Pu'er tea by LC-MS/MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xudong Wu ◽  
Zeyu Chen ◽  
Jiankang Zhang ◽  
Hongping Man ◽  
Tao Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residues Determination ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Linear Concentration Range ◽  
Linear Concentration

<p>Pesticide residues in tea is a major issue due to their widely used in tea cultivation. Thus, to protect consumers, an appropriate method for determination of their residues in tea should be done. In this study, a method for the simultaneous determination of 51 pesticides in tea was developed and validated. The tea sample was extracted by acetonitrile and purified SPE clearnet TPT column followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated according to the linearity, limit of detention, precision, the percentage of recovery at three different spike levels. The linear concentration range used was 10-100ng/ mL, the square of Correlation coefficient r2 was more than &gt;0.995. Recoveries were adequate being in the acceptable range of 72-89% and RSD of &lt;19 % for all the analytes at three level of 0.01,0.05 and 0.11mg/kg, the LOD of all chemicals from 0.001 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg .The method was applied for the determination for 400 tea samples collected from Pu'er which contain green tea and black tea. Among the analyzed samples , 36 % samples had Imidacloprid and 25% sample contain Acetamiprid, which were at a level below the European Union maximum residue levels (EU-MRLs). The information would be beneficial for Pu'er tea exporters.</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of Emerging Agricultural Practices on Groundwater Quality in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lwimbo ◽  
Komakech ◽  
Muzuka
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Deep Boreholes ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

This paper assesses the impacts of farmers’ intensive use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) on groundwater quality in the Kahe catchment. Samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons of the year 2018 and analyzed for the presence of agrochemicals in the water. Groundwater chemistry was dominated by magnesium-sodium-bicarbonate (Mg-Na-HCO3−). The cations levels were in the trend of Mg2+ >Na+ > Ca2+ > K+, whereas anions were HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for both seasons. The NO3− had an average value of about 18.40 ± 4.04 and 7.6 ± 1.7 mg/L in the wet and dry season, respectively. Elevated levels of nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and ammonium were found in water samples collected near the large-scale sugarcane plantation in the catchment. For both seasons, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations averaged approximately 0.08 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.02, 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.05, and 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations were higher in shallow wells than in the deep boreholes. Pesticides’ residues were below the detection limit in all sampled groundwater. The findings from this study provide important information for intervention in groundwater quality management in Kahe Catchment, Tanzania.

scholarly journals Mapping seasonal variation in the distribution and concentration of heavy metals using water quality index and geographic information system based kriging

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Adu-Boahen ◽  
Isaac. Boateng ◽  
Ishmael. Yaw. Dadson ◽  
Laud. Alfred. Dei ◽  
Kwabena. Barima. Antwi. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
The World ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Incessant monitoring of water is essential in terms of heavy metals and toxic substances as it provides detailed information on aquatic resources. Majority of lagoons receive freshwater from their catchment areas containing industrial and domestic waste. The paper analysed seasonal variations in the distribution and concentrations of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), and Manganese (Mn) in the Fosu lagoon in Ghana to ascertain the quality of the lagoon. Water was sampled from eighteen (18) different points on the lagoon and was analysed at the Water Research Institute (WRI) of the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and the results were interpolated using kriging. The results obtained were compared with the World Health Organisation water quality index. Statistical analysis of heavy metal concentrations using Pearson’s two-tailed significance correlation showed positive correlations for both seasons; between Pb and Cu (0.297; sig. = 0.232, and 0.196; sig. = 0.436), and Cd and Mn (0.119; sig. = 0.643 and 0.191; sig. = 0.447) for the wet and dry seasons respectively. A paired sample t-test on concentrations also showed statistical differences between wet and dry seasons’ concentrations for Pb (t = 1.324; sig. = 0.203), Cu (t = 2.759; sig. = 0.013), and Cd (t = 3.056; sig. = 0.007), and Mn (t = -4.014; sig. = 0.001).  Pb and Cd showed higher concentrations above the World Health Organisation's permissible limits. Heavy metal concentrations of water samples analysed varied widely in terms of seasons and sampling points.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in Water-Use Sources of Impatiens hainanensis (Balsaminaceae), a Limestone-Endemic Plant Based on “Fissure-Soil” Habitat Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8721
Author(s):  
Weixia Huang ◽  
Yunfang Zhong ◽  
Xiqiang Song ◽  
Cuili Zhang ◽  
Mingxun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Fissure Water ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The southwestern mountains of Hainan Island are the southernmost region with tropical karst landform in China. The frequent alternation of dry and wet seasons leads to the loss of the mineral nutrients of limestone, creating karst fissure habitats. Plants living in karst fissure habitats for long periods of time have developed local adaptation mechanisms correspondingly. In the paper, hydrogen–oxygen stable isotope technology was applied to determine the water-use sources of Impatiens hainanensis in the dry and wet seasons, hoping to expound the adaptation mechanism of I. hainanensis in karst fissure habitats to the moisture dynamics in the wet and dry seasons. In the wet season (May to October, 2018), the air humidity is relatively high in the I. hainanensis habitat; in the dry season (November 2018 to April 2019), there is a degree of evaporation. In the wet season, fine-root biomass increases with soil depths, while coarse-root biomass decreases with soil depths; in the dry season, fine-root biomass is lower and coarse-root biomass is higher compared with the wet season. It was found that the average rainfall reached 1523 mm and the main water-use sources were shallow (0–5 cm) and middle (5–10 cm) soil water, epikarst water, and shallow karst fissure water during the wet season; the average rainfall reached 528 mm, and the deep (10–15 cm) soil water and shallow karst fissure water were the main water-use sources during the dry season. Fog water has a partial complementary effect in the dry season. The differences in the distribution of root biomass and each source of water in the wet and dry seasons of I. hainanensis also reflect the different water-use strategies of I. hainanensis in the wet and dry seasons. In both dry and wet seasons, I. hainanensis formed a water-use pattern dominated by soil water and shallow fissure water (0–15 cm) under the influence of the “fissure-soil-plant” system in the karst region.

Reports on Recent Activities of European Food Safety Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 217-220
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Official Control ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Risk Managers

This report provides an overview of the 2017 official control activities on pesticide residues carried out in the European Union (EU) Member States, Iceland and Norway. It summarises the results of both the 2017 EU-coordinated control programme (EUCP) and the national control programmes (NP). While the NPs are mostly risk based (so called enforcement samples) focusing on pesticides or products originating from countries where a number of exceedances have been observed in the past, the EUCP aims to present a statistically representative snapshot of the situation of pesticide residues in food products that are mostly consumed in the EU following a random sampling procedure. The report includes the outcome of a dietary risk assessment based on the results of the overall 2017 control programmes. The comprehensive analysis of the results of all reporting countries provides risk managers with sound-based evidence for designing future monitoring programmes, in particular for taking decisions on which pesticides and food products should be targeted in risk-based national programmes.

scholarly journals Effect of ecological and conventional managements on soil enzymatic activities in coffee agroecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-428
Author(s):  
Johana Juliet Caballero Vanegas ◽  
Karen Bibiana Mejía Zambrano ◽  
Lizeth Manuela Avellaneda-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Acid And Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizers ◽  
Coffee Agroecosystems ◽  
Alkaline And Acid Phosphatase

ABSTRACT Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on soil quality indicators, such as enzymatic activities, is of great importance, in order to advance in their diagnosis and sustainable management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ecological and conventional agricultural managements on enzymatic activities of a soil under coffee agroecosystems. The enzymatic activities were associated with the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (urease and protease), phosphorus (acid and alkaline phosphatase) and carbon (β-glucosidase), during the rainy and dry seasons. Physical-chemical soil proprieties were also assessed and related to resilience scores linked to the climatic variability reported for the areas under study. The activities of urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and ß-glucosidase were statistically higher in ecological agroecosystems than in conventional ones. This may be attributed to the greater application of organic waste in the ecological environment, as well as to the absence of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, which allow better conditions for the microbial activity. The resilience scores to the climate variability that showed the highest correlations with the assessed enzymatic activities were: the farmers' knowledge on soil microorganisms, non-use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers and non-dependence on external supplies. It was concluded that the enzymatic activities are modified by the management systems, being specifically favored by the ecological management. This agroecosystem, in the long term, ensures an efficient use of the soil resources, with a lower degradation and contamination.

EUROPEAN FISCAL RULES AS A LIABILITY IN THE TRANSATLANTIC TRADE CONFLICT: LESSONS FROM NiGEM SIMULATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. R54-R66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Dullien ◽  
Sabine Stephan ◽  
Thomas Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trump Administration

Under the Trump administration, a transatlantic trade conflict has been escalating step by step. First, it was about tariffs on steel and aluminium, then about retaliation for the French digital tax, which is suspended until the end of the year. Most recently, the US administration threatened the European Union with tariffs on cars and car parts because of Canadian seafood being subject to lower import duties. As simulations with NiGEM show, a further escalation of the transatlantic trade conflict has the potential to slow down economic growth significantly in the countries involved. This is a considerable risk given the fact that the countries have to cope with the enormous negative effects of the pandemic shock. Furthermore, the damage caused by the trade conflict depends on the extent to which the affected countries use fiscal policy to stabilise their economies.

scholarly journals Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Englund ◽  
Pål Börjesson ◽  
Blas Mola-Yudego ◽  
Göran Berndes ◽  
Ioannis Dimitriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Eu Policies

AbstractWithin the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.

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