scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from the Recreational Sites of Two Rivers in Orashi Region, Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
T. Sampson ◽  
L. K. Giami ◽  
J. A. Okedike
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Rivers State

Recreational water bodies are water bodies used for recreational activities such as swimming, surfing, water skiing, water diving and sailing. They include rivers, lakes, beaches, spas and swimming pools. This work was therefore aimed at determining the bacteriological profile of recreational water bodies in Orashi region of Rivers State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected from two different sites (Orashi River, Mbiama and Sombreiro River, Ahoada) using standard microbiological methods. Upstream, midstream and downstream samples were collected for a period of three months at monthly interval. Standard plate counts were used for total heterotrophic and coliform bacterial counts using standard microbiological media. The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 4.1X104 to 9.5X104 for Orashi River and 3.0X103 to 4.0X103 for Sombreiro River. A significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) however, existed between total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the samples collected from Orashi River, while no statistical difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the total heterotrophic bacterial counts of samples from Sombreiro River. In the comparative analysis of the samples from the two water bodies, no statistical difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in the total coliform count in Orashi and Sombreiro Rivers. The phenotypic characterization identified the isolates to include Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp., with Klebsiella pneumoniae as the most occurring (26.1%). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are known for their pathogenic potentials, hence their presence in these recreational sites are of public health importance. Provision of standard recreational facilities in localities will however reduce the dependency on river sites for recreational activities, and as well prevent recreational associated illnesses.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amimul Ehsan ◽  
Stijn Casaert ◽  
Bruno Levecke ◽  
Liesbet Van Rooy ◽  
Joachim Pelicaen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Risk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Water Recreation ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different recreational water bodies in Belgium and to estimate the infection risk associated with swimming and other recreational activities. Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts were detected in three out of 37 swimming pools, seven out of 10 recreational lakes, two out of seven splash parks and four out of 16 water fountains. In the swimming pools no infection risk for Cryptosporidium could be calculated, since oocysts were only detected in filter backwash water. The risk of Giardia infection in the swimming pools varied from 1.13 × 10−6 to 2.49 × 10−6 per swim per person. In recreational lakes, the infection risk varied from 2.79 × 10−5 to 5.74 × 10−5 per swim per person for Cryptosporidium and from 7.04 × 10−5 to 1.46 × 10−4 for Giardia. For other outdoor water recreation activities the estimated infection risk was 5.71 × 10−6 for Cryptosporidium and 1.47 × 10−5 for Giardia. However, most positive samples in the recreational lakes belonged to species/genotypes that are either animal-specific or predominantly found in animals. No Cryptosporidium was found in splash parks and water fountains, but the presence of Giardia cysts suggests a risk for human infection. The infection risk of Giardia infection during a 3.5-minute visit to a splash park for children equalled 1.68 × 10−4.

scholarly journals Bacterial Flora and Proximate Composition of Edible Frogs (Ptychadena mascareniensis and Ptychadena pumilio) from Some Locations in Rivers State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Douglas, Salome Ibietela ◽  
Chika C. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Food Borne Infections ◽  
Rivers State

Aim:  To determine and compare the bacterial flora and proximate composition of edible frogs from some selected Local Government Areas (LGA) of Rivers State. Place and Duration of Study: Live adult edible frogs were collected from six locations in six Local Government Areas in Rivers State which includes; Biara (E 7º29’ 2.097’’, N 4º78’ 70.608’’) in Gokana, Rumuodumaya (E 7º0’ 57.16.908’’, N 4º52’ 40.398’’) in Obio/Akpo, Umuikere Oyigbo (E 6º55’ 50.606’’, N 9º1’ 13.831’’) in Oyigbo, Diobu (E 6º59’ 6.882’’, N 4º48’ 29.514’’) in Port Harcourt, Igwuruta (E 4º55’ 57.006’’, N 7º1’13.692’’) in Ikwerre and Akpajo (E 5º50’ 67.306’’, N 9º1’ 43.112’’) in Eleme Local Government Areas of Rivers State. This study was conducted from July 2017 to February 2018, covering both the wet and dry seasons. Methodology: The microbiological analyses were carried out using standard microbiological methods. Conventional and molecular identification methods were used to identify the bacteria isolated. Proximate compositions of the two species of edible frogs were also determined using standard methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference between the data obtained from the various locations using a computer based program SPSS version 22. Results: Results revealed that Ptychadena pumilios had high bacteria counts across the six Local Government areas. Counts of total heterotrophic bacteria  for Ptychadena pumilios ranged from 1.0 x108cfu/g to 9.0 x108cfu/g, Total Staphylococcus count ranged from 1.0 x105cfu/g to 9.4 x105cfu/g, Total coliform counts ranged 1.0 x105cfu/g to 8.9 x105 cfu/g, Total Feacal Coliform counts ranged from 1.4 x104cfu/g to 9.0 x104cfu/g. while for Ptychadena mascareniensis Total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 2.2 x108 to 4.5 x107cfu/g, Staphylococcal counts ranged from 1.8 x105cfu/g  to 9.5  x105cfu/g, Total coliform counts ranged 1.0 x105cfu/g to 9.8 x105cfu/g, Total Feacal Coliform ranged  from 1.2 x104cfu/g 9.8 x104cfu/g. Statistically there were significant differences in bacterial counts in the six studied LGAs. Statistically there were significant differences in the bacterial counts from the six studied locations. A total of 259 bacterial isolate belonging to the following genera: Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas were isolated during this study. The proportion of nutritional composition obtained in this study ranged as follow: carbohydrate from 1.82 to 2.24, crude fibre 2.28 to 3.00, ash 3.99 to 4.89%, lipid 11.90 to 12.32%, protein13.74 to14.00%, moisture 64.45 to 65.74%, for the species of the edible frogs tested. Conclusion: The presence of Escherichia coli identified indicates faecal contamination and indicates the possible presence of potential pathogens. Proper processing and cooking of the frog meat will destroy these organisms, thereby preventing food borne infections. Improper handling and cooking may lead to food borne infections with greater effect observed in immunocompromised patents, the elderly and children. Ptychadena mascareniensis and Ptychadena pumilio have high protein contents therefore, they could be considered as an alternative source of protein despite the bacterial load.

scholarly journals Assessment of door handles as potential reservoirs of drug-resistant enterococci

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kome Otokunefor ◽  
Blessing O. Famakin ◽  
Dorothy O. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Institution ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Single Clone ◽  
Source Contamination ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Black Pigmentation

Abstract Background Fomites have long been known to play a key role in the spread of disease causing agents. Hospital-associated fomites in particular have been linked with transmission of members of the Enterococci sp which are key human pathogens. Few studies have explored the role non-hospital door handles might play as potential sources of these isolates. This study therefore set out to explore this role. Results A total of hundred toilet and office door handles in a tertiary institution in Rivers State, Nigeria, were sampled using the swab and rinse method. The presence and drug susceptibility of Enterococcus was determined using the selective bile esculin agar (BEA) and standard microbiological methods. Growth on BEA was observed in 71% of cases, with more growth (38/50, 76%) observed from toilet door handles. Only 35% of samples produced the characteristic black pigmentation associated with Enterococcus sp. Six different bacterial groups were identified from this subset with Enterococcus sp. making up only 14% (5/35) of the isolates. All (100%) Enterococci were isolated from toilet door handles. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed very high levels of resistance (80–100%) against 75% of the test antibiotics. An analysis of the antibiotic resistance pattern of each isolate revealed 11 unique antibiogram patterns. Only 2 of these patterns were associated with the enterococci, with majority (4/5) exhibiting resistance to Augmentin (AUG), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Ceftriaxone (CTR), Cefuroxime (CRX), Cloxacillin (CXC), Erythromycin (ERY), Gentamicin (GEN), Ofloxacin (OFL) (antibiogram of AUG–CAZ–CRX–CTR–CXC–ERY). None of the enterococci, however, was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion This study reports low level contamination of door handles by enterococci. Identical antibiogram patterns linked with majority of the enterococci could however point at the occurrence of a single clone perhaps indicating single source contamination. Reports of high levels of ampicillin resistance among these isolates are problematic as ampicillin–gentamicin combination is the treatment of choice for nosocomial enterococci pathogens.

Emergence of ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3211-3216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Göttig ◽  
Denia Frank ◽  
Eleonora Mungo ◽  
Anika Nolte ◽  
Michael Hogardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Time Kill

Abstract Objectives The β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination ceftazidime/avibactam is active against KPC-producing Enterobacterales. Herein, we present molecular and phenotypic characterization of ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae that emerged in vivo and in vitro. Methods Sequence analysis of blaKPC-3 was performed from clinical and in vitro-generated ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. Time–kill kinetics and the Galleria mellonella infection model were applied to evaluate the activity of ceftazidime/avibactam and imipenem alone and in combination. Results The ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant clinical K. pneumoniae isolate revealed the amino acid change D179Y in KPC-3. Sixteen novel mutational changes in KPC-3 among in vitro-selected ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant isolates were described. Time–kill kinetics showed the emergence of a resistant subpopulation under selection pressure with either imipenem or ceftazidime/avibactam. However, combined selection pressure with imipenem plus ceftazidime/avibactam prevented the development of resistance and resulted in bactericidal activity. Concordantly, the G. mellonella infection model revealed that monotherapy with ceftazidime/avibactam is prone to select for resistance in vivo and that combination therapy with imipenem results in significantly better survival. Conclusions Ceftazidime/avibactam is a valuable antibiotic against MDR and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Based on time–kill kinetics as well as an in vivo infection model we postulate a combination therapy of ceftazidime/avibactam and imipenem as a strategy to prevent the development of ceftazidime/avibactam resistance in KPC-producing Enterobacterales in vivo.

scholarly journals Molecular and phenotypic characterization of clinical isolates belonging to a KPC-2-producing strain of ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae from a Vietnamese pediatric hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berglund ◽  
Ngoc Thi Bich Hoang ◽  
Maria Tärnberg ◽  
Ngai Kien Le ◽  
Maud Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Global Epidemiology

Abstract Background Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are becoming increasingly common in hospital settings worldwide and are a source of increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is characterized by different strains distributed geographically, with the strain ST258 being predominant in Europe and USA, and ST11 being most common in East Asia. ST15 is a less frequently occurring strain but has nevertheless been reported worldwide as a source of hospital outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Methods In this study, whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to characterize 57 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae belonging to a strain of ST15, which were collected at a Vietnamese pediatric hospital from February throughout September 2015. Results Aside from the carbapenem resistance gene blaKPC-2, which was carried by all isolates, prevalence of resistance genes to other antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, fosfomycin and trimethoprim, was also high. All isolates were multidrug-resistant. Susceptibility was highest to ceftazidime/avibactam (96%), gentamicin (91%) and tigecycline (82%). Notably, the colistin resistance rate was very high (42%). Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis indicated that most isolates belonged to a single clone. Conclusions The diverse variety of antibiotic resistance genes and the high antibiotic resistance rates to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin, is indicative of a highly adaptable strain. This emphasizes the importance of implementation of infection controls measures, continued monitoring of antibiotic resistance and prudent use of antibiotics to prevent further selection of resistant strains and the emergence of pan-resistant clones.

scholarly journals First report of New Clonal groups ST706 and ST1088 from MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae Mexican strains

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Guadalupe Córdova-Espinoza ◽  
Eder Daniel Hernández Arana ◽  
Silvia Giono-Cerezo ◽  
Erika Gabriela Sierra Atanacio ◽  
Eduardo Carrillo Tapia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Resistant Phenotype ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Mexican Strains

AbstractMultidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Mexican strains were characterized for the identification of endemic and pandemic clonal groups. The aims of this study were to know population structure and to identify endemic clonal groups inside K. pneumoniae Mexican strains isolated from clinical sources. We studied 93 isolated strains from three third level hospitals and one family clinic from Mexico City. Identification of the strains was done by conventional microbiological methods and an automated system (Vitek2®). The multidrug-resistant phenotype was confirmed following CLSI recommendations, and the strains were classified as MDR, XDR and PDR. Molecular characterization was done by Multilocus Sequence Typing scheme (rpoB, gapA, mdh, pgi, phoE, infB, y tonB). All strains were isolated from hospitalized patients, the most frequent sources were urine and blood cultures. Population structure of K. pneumoniae was clonal, 30 ST were identified, six of them are commonly found. The Clonal complex ST25, ST36, S5392, ST405 and ST551 were isolated from clinical sources, ST1088 was isolated from surfaces of hospital environment.

scholarly journals Lysinibacillus massiliensis Isolated from the Synovial Fluid: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-598
Author(s):  
Canan Eryıldız ◽  
Kıymet Tabakçıoğlu ◽  
Sezgin Kehaya ◽  
Nermin Şakru ◽  
Şaban Gürcan
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Blood Culture Bottle ◽  
Negative Staining ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Local Alignment ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Culture Bottle ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Lysinibacillus massiliensis is an aerobic, endospore-forming, gram-negative staining bacterium with peritrichous flagella belonging to the Bacillaceae family. A few cases of L. massiliensis isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and tissue have been reported. In this study, we aimed to describe a case of L. massiliensis isolated from the synovial fluid. The synovial fluid from a 74-year-old female patient was inoculated into blood culture bottle. Gram-negative rods were observed in a gram-stained smear from a positive blood culture bottle. The bacterium was identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus/Lysinibacillus fusiformis, with a probability of 89% using an automated bacterial identification system (VITEK2; Biomerieux, France). Subsequently, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, and the sequence was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The sequence had 99.9% (1426/1427) identity with the strain L. massiliensis (GenBank ID: NR_043092.1). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of L. massiliensis isolated from the synovial fluid. When an endospore-forming gram-negative staining bacterium can not be identified by phenotypic characterization, L. massiliensis should be considered, and different microbiological methods should be used for identification.

scholarly journals Assessment of two penicillins plus beta-lactamase inhibitors versus cefotaxime in treatment of murine Klebsiella pneumoniae infections.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Fournier ◽  
F Ramisse ◽  
A C Jacolot ◽  
M Szatanik ◽  
O J Petitjean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Bacterial Counts

The in vivo efficacies of piperacillin, piperacillin plus tazobactam, ticarcillin, ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid, piperacillin plus clavulanic acid, and cefotaxime were compared in a mouse model of pneumonia induced by the SHV-1 beta-lactamase-producer Klebsiella pneumoniae. Each antibiotic was injected either once intraperitoneally at 24 h postinfection or at repeated times during 24 h. The efficacies of the drugs and therapeutic protocols were assessed by counting viable bacteria recovered from the lungs of mice sacrificed at selected times. No emergence of beta-lactam-resistant organisms was detected. Ticarcillin at 300 mg/kg was ineffective. Repeated injections of piperacillin at 300 mg/kg, either alone or in combination with tazobactam (8:1), led to a significant decrease in bacterial counts, but this was followed by bacterial regrowth. The pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that this short-lasting antibacterial effect was not due to a failure of piperacillin and/or tazobactam to penetrate the lungs. The combinations of ticarcillin at 300 mg/kg plus clavulanic acid (15:1) and piperacillin at 300 mg/kg plus tazobactam (4:1) were proven to be effective in that they decreased the bacterial burden in the lungs from 10(5) to < 10(3) CFU. This dose effect of tazobactam can be explained by its dose-dependent penetration in the lungs. Cefotaxime at 100 mg/kg and the combination of piperacillin (slightly hydrolyzed by SHV-1) at 300 mg/kg plus clavulanic acid (15:1) led to the best efficacy. Both of these treatments induced a decrease in bacterial counts of nearly 4 log10 units. The survival rates correlated with the quantitative measurements of in vivo bacterial killing. These experimental results obtained from the restricted animal model used here may help in the design of further protocols for clinical trials.

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