FOXD1 regulates cell division in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background Forkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types. Foxd1 is essential for kidney development and mitochondrial metabolism, but its significance in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been reported. Methods Transcriptome data from the TCGA database was used to correlate FOXD1 expression with patient survival. FOXD1 was knocked out in the 786-O cell line and known targets were analyzed. Reduced cell growth was observed and investigated in vitro using growth rate and Seahorse XF metabolic assays and in vivo using a xenograft model. Cell cycle characteristics were determined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Immunostaining for TUNEL and γH2AX was used to measure DNA damage. Association of the FOXD1 pathway with cell cycle progression was investigated through correlation analysis using the TCGA database. Results FOXD1 expression level in ccRCC correlated inversely with patient survival. Knockout of FOXD1 in 786-O cells altered expression of FOXD1 targets, particularly genes involved in metabolism (MICU1) and cell cycle progression. Investigation of metabolic state revealed significant alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, but no net change in energy production. In vitro growth rate assays showed a significant reduction in growth of 786-OFOXD1null. In vivo, xenografted 786-OFOXD1null showed reduced capacity for tumor formation and reduced tumor size. Cell cycle analysis showed that 786-OFOXD1null had an extended G2/M phase. Investigation of mitosis revealed a deficiency in phosphorylation of histone H3 in 786-OFOXD1null, and increased DNA damage. Genes correlate with FOXD1 in the TCGA dataset associate with several aspects of mitosis, including histone H3 phosphorylation. Conclusions We show that FOXD1 regulates the cell cycle in ccRCC cells by control of histone H3 phosphorylation, and that FOXD1 expression governs tumor formation and tumor growth. Transcriptome analysis supports this role for FOXD1 in ccRCC patient tumors and provides an explanation for the inverse correlation between tumor expression of FOXD1 and patient survival. Our findings reveal an important role for FOXD1 in maintaining chromatin stability and promoting cell cycle progression and provide a new tool with which to study the biology of FOXD1 in ccRCC.

DIPG-78. REVERTANCE OF THE H3K27M MUTATION RESCUES CHROMATIN MARKS NECESSARY FOR ONCOGENESIS IN DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA

Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a lethal brain tumor that typically occurs in children. Numerous studies have demonstrated the central role of the H3K27M mutation and secondary loss of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in DMG tumorigenesis. Understanding how the H3K27M mutation alters the epigenetic landscape of the cell is necessary for revealing molecular targets that are critical to tumorigenesis. To investigate the epigenetic effects of H3K27M mutation in DMG, we developed revertant DMG cell lines with the mutant methionine residue reverted to wildtype (i.e., M27K). Revertant cells were analyzed for epigenetic changes and phenotypic differences in vitro and in vivo. H3M27K DMG cells grew in culture but displayed diminished proliferative capacity. H3M27K cells demonstrated total loss of H3K27M expression and restored trimethylation of H3K27 and H3K4. Furthermore, consistent with the hypothesis that the H3K27M mutation impacts H3 phosphorylation via expression of Aurora Kinase during mitosis, H3M27K cells demonstrated reduced expression of both Aurora Kinase A and phosphorylation of H3 serine residues 10 and 28. In line with the critical role of H3S10 phosphorylation in chromatin segregation, H3M27K cells also demonstrated restored chromosome segregation compared to H3K27M cells. In vivo data will be discussed. Revertance of the H3K27M mutation reduces tumorigenesis in DMG tumors. Isogenic H3M27K cells display reversal of key epigenetic changes associated with oncogenesis in DMG. The revertant H3M27K DMG model is a useful tool to investigate the downstream epigenetic reprogramming specific to H3K27M mutation in these tumors.

DIPG-76. HISTONE H3 PHOSPHORYLATION IN H3K27M MIDLINE GLIOMAS

Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) patients have a dire prognosis despite radiation therapy and there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments. DMG are characterized by heterozygous mutations in select H3 genes resulting in the replacement of lysine 27 by methionine (K27M) that leads to global epigenetic reprogramming and drives tumorigenesis. We previously reported that pharmacological inhibition of aurora kinase (AKI) may represent a targeted approach for treating tumors with this mutation. Our analysis with both published dataset and patient samples showed that patients with higher aurora kinase A (AKA) expression were associated with worse survival. AKA phosphorylates H3S10 and H3S28 during mitosis. Intriguingly, phosphorylation of the H3S28 (H3S28ph) by AKA blocks PRC2 methyltransferase activity and decreases global H3K27me3 in certain stem cells. We propose that a similar mechanism occurs in H3K27M DMG tumors, where there is a reciprocal relationship between H3S28ph and H3K27me3. We found that AKI significantly decreases H3S28ph while increasing H3K27me3 specifically in H3K27M tumors. To further evaluate the link between the H3K27M mutation and H3 serine phosphorylation, we used CRISPR/Cas9-directed gene editing to silence H3S28ph by replacing serine with alanine (H3S28A) in DIPG cell lines. Ectopic expression of histone H3S28A leads to a prominent epigenetic changes in H3K27M tumors and is similar to AKA inhibition. Overall, this study highlights H3S28ph, one of the targets of AK, is a key driver of epigenetic changes in H3K27M tumors through both direct and indirect changes to H3K27me3 and H3K27ac across the genome.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM EMOTIONALPAINFUL STRESS ON THE HISTONE H3 PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA OF RATS WITH GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Цель - исследование влияния длительного эмоционально-болевого стрессорного воздействия (ДЭБС) в разные сроки после его окончания (24 ч, 2 нед, 2 мес) на фосфорилирование гистона Н3 (по серину 10) (phH3-Ser10) в клетках медиальной префронтальной коры (мПК) и базолатеральной области амигдалы (блА) у крыс двух линий с разным порогом возбудимости нервной системы к электрическому току (генетическая модель постстрессорных тревожно-депрессивных расстройств). Материал и методы. С использованием иммуногистохимического метода исследована иммунореактивность клеток мПК и блА к phH3-Ser10 у крыс 2 селекционных линий: низковозбудимых с высоким порогом возбудимости нервной системы (линия ВП) и высоковозбудимых с низким порогом возбудимости (линия НП). В качестве стрессора применяли длительное (15 сут) эмоционально-болевое воздействие по схеме К. Гехта. Результаты. У низковозбудимых крыс линии ВП в блА обнаружен более высокий базовый уровень phH3-Ser10 по сравнению с высоковозбудимыми крысами линии НП. В мПК межлинейных различий в базовом уровне phH3-Ser10 не обнаружено. Выявлено влияние ДЭБС на уровень phH3-Ser10 у крыс обеих линий. Показано кратковременное (через 24 ч) повышение phH3-Ser10 в мПК у крыс линии НП и устойчивое (до 2 мес после ДЭБС) у животных линии ВП. В блА только у высоковозбудимых крыс линии НП обнаружено индуцируемое ДЭБС возрастание и устойчивое до 2 мес сохранение уровня phH3-Ser10. Выводы. Выявлены долговременные изменения фосфорилирования гистона Н3, имеющие структурную специфичность и зависящие от генетически детерминированного функционального состояния нервной системы крыс. Objective - to study the effect of the long-term emotional-painful stress on the level of histone H3 phosphorylation at Ser10 (phH3-Ser10) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the rats of two strains characterized by different excitability of the nervous system in normal conditions and at various intervals (24 hours, 2 weeks, 2 months) after the long-term emotional-painful stress (LEPS). Material and methods. The immunoreactivity of mPC and BLA cells to phH3-Ser10 was studied using the immunohistochemical method. The objects of investigation were selected rat strains: НТ (high threshold, low excitability of the nervous system) and LT (low threshold, high excitability of the nervous system). A long-term (15 days) exposure to emotional-painful stress according to K. Hecht’s scheme was used. Results. Intact rats with low nervous excitability (HT strain - high threshold) demonstrated more high basal level of phH3Ser10 in BLA cells than rats with high excitability (LT strain - low threshold). No differences in basal level of phH3-Ser10 between two rat strains were found. The exposure to emotional- painful stress caused alterations in the level of phH3-Ser10 in rats from both strains. Increase of phH3-Ser10 level in the mPC was short-term (24h after LEPS) in LT rats and long-term (up to 2 months) in HT rats. The long-term (up to 2 months) increase of phH3-Ser10 level after stress in the BLA was discovered in LT rats only. Conclusions. Long-term changes in histone H3 phosphorylation, which have structural specificity and depend on genetically determined functional state of rats nervous system, were revealed.

Helicase LSH/Hells regulates kinetochore function, histone H3/Thr3 phosphorylation and centromere transcription during oocyte meiosis

Centromeres are epigenetically determined nuclear domains strictly required for chromosome segregation and genome stability. However, the mechanisms regulating centromere and kinetochore chromatin modifications are not known. Here, we demonstrate that LSH is enriched at meiotic kinetochores and its targeted deletion induces centromere instability and abnormal chromosome segregation. Superresolution chromatin analysis resolves LSH at the inner centromere and kinetochores during oocyte meiosis. LSH knockout pachytene oocytes exhibit reduced HDAC2 and DNMT-1. Notably, mutant oocytes show a striking increase in histone H3 phosphorylation at threonine 3 (H3T3ph) and accumulation of major satellite transcripts in both prophase-I and metaphase-I chromosomes. Moreover, knockout oocytes exhibit centromere fusions, ectopic kinetochore formation and abnormal exchange of chromatin fibers between paired bivalents and asynapsed chromosomes. Our results indicate that loss of LSH affects the levels and chromosomal localization of H3T3ph and provide evidence that, by maintaining transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin, LSH may be essential to prevent deleterious meiotic recombination events at repetitive centromeric sequences.

Abiotic stress-mediated modulation of the chromatin landscape in Arabidopsis thaliana

Limited information is available on abiotic stress-mediated alterations of chromatin conformation influencing gene expression in plants. In order to characterize the effect of abiotic stresses on changes in chromatin conformation, we employed FAIRE-seq (formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory element sequencing) and DNase-seq to isolate accessible regions of chromatin from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to either heat, cold, salt, or drought stress. Approximately 25% of regions in the Arabidopsis genome were captured as open chromatin, the majority of which included promoters and exons. A large proportion of chromatin regions apparently did not change their conformation in response to any of the four stresses. Digital footprints present within these regions had differential enrichment of motifs for binding of 43 different transcription factors. Further, in contrast to drought and salt stress, both high and low temperature treatments resulted in increased accessibility of the chromatin. Also, pseudogenes attained increased chromatin accessibility in response to cold and drought stresses. The highly accessible and inaccessible chromatin regions of seedlings exposed to drought stress correlated with the Ser/Thr protein kinases (MLK1 and MLK2)-mediated reduction and increase in H3 phosphorylation (H3T3Ph), respectively. The presented results provide a deeper understanding of abiotic stress-mediated chromatin modulation in plants.

Sangivamycin and its derivatives inhibit Haspin-Histone H3-survivin signaling and induce pancreatic cancer cell death

Current treatment options for patients with pancreatic cancer are suboptimal, resulting in a five year survival rate of about 9%. Difficulties with treatment are due to an immunosuppressive, fibrotic tumor microenvironment that prevents drugs from reaching tumor cells, but also to the limited efficacy of existing FDA-approved chemotherapeutic compounds. We here show that the nucleoside analog Sangivamycin and its closely-related compound Toyocamycin target PDA cell lines, and are significantly more efficient than Gemcitabine. Using KINOMEscan screening, we identified the kinase Haspin, which is overexpressed in PDA cell lines and human PDA samples, as a main target for both compounds. Inhibition of Haspin leads to a decrease in Histone H3 phosphorylation and prevents Histone H3 binding to survivin, thus providing mechanistic insight of how Sangivamycin targets cell proliferation, mitosis and induces apoptotic cell death. In orthotopically implanted tumors in mice, Sangivamycin was efficient in decreasing the growth of established tumors. In summary, we show that Sangivamycin and derivatives can be an efficient new option for treatment of PDA.

Targeting PDZ-binding kinase is anti-tumorigenic in novel preclinical models of ACC

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive orphan malignancy with less than 35% 5-year survival and 75% recurrence. Surgery remains the primary therapy and mitotane, an adrenolytic, is the only FDA-approved drug with wide-range toxicities and poor tolerability. There are no targeted agents available to date. For the last three decades, H295R cell line and its xenograft were the only available preclinical models. We recently developed two new ACC patient-derived xenograft mouse models and corresponding cell lines (CU-ACC1 and CU-ACC2) to advance research in the field. Here, we have utilized these novel models along with H295R cells to establish the mitotic PDZ-binding kinase (PBK) as a promising therapeutic target. PBK is overexpressed in ACC samples and correlates with poor survival. We show that PBK is regulated by FOXM1 and targeting PBK via shRNA decreased cell proliferation, clonogenicity and anchorage-independent growth in ACC cell lines. PBK silencing inhibited pAkt, pp38MAPK and pHistone H3 altering the cell cycle. Therapeutically, targeting PBK with the small-molecule inhibitor HITOPK032 phenocopied PBK-specific modulation of pAkt and pHistone H3, but also induced apoptosis via activation of JNK. Consistent with in vitro findings, treatment of CU-ACC1 PDXs with HITOPK032 significantly reduced tumor growth by 5-fold (P < 0.01). Treated tumor tissues demonstrated increased rates of apoptosis and JNK activation, with decreased pAkt and Histone H3 phosphorylation, consistent with effects observed in ACC cell lines. Together these studies elucidate the mechanism of PBK in ACC tumorigenesis and establish the potential therapeutic potential of HITOPK032 in ACC patients.