Performance Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Battery using Charging Station System with Grid-Connected Configuration via Matlab Simulation

Due to the increase in demand for electric vehicles (EV) in recent years, the lack of EV charging stations and different EVs’ battery types are causing inconvenience to the user. The paper presents modeling and simulation of the grid-connected EV charging station system using MATLAB Simulink platform. The model consists of LCL filter, inverter, and battery charger. The inverter is regulated by a dq-frame that synchronizes with a phase-locked loop (PLL) to convert a three-phase alternating current (AC) source to a direct current (DC) source. Futhermore, lead acid (Pb-acid), lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) were tested and their performances were evaluated using the simulated EV charging station. All simulations were carried out and tested in the MATLAB Simulink platform. The results showed that Li-ion battery reaches the highest state-of-charge (SOC) value which is 51.66%, Pb-acid is 51.60%. Ni-MH is 51.55%, and Ni-Cd is 51.47% within 60s. The voltage values are 226.0V, 225.2V, 220.8V, and 220.2V for Pb-acid, Ni-MH, Ni-Cd and Li-ion, respectively. The findings revealed that the lithium ion is the most suitable for the use of EV since it had the fastest charging and slowest to reach its maximum threshold value of charging voltage.

The Effect of Reaction Conditions and Presence of Magnesium on the Crystallization of Nickel Sulfate

Recycling of valuable metals such as nickel is instrumental to meet the need from the dramatic increase in electric vehicle battery production and to improve its sustainability. Nickel required in the battery manufacture can be recovered from the hydrometallurgical industrial process streams by crystallization of nickel sulfate. Here, crystallization of nickel sulfate is studied from an industrial point of view, investigating the effects of temperature, seeding and presence of magnesium on the formation of various solid phases for the evaluation of their potential influence on the process design. Results showed that the precipitating phase was dictated both by seed amount and reaction temperature. Transformation of metastable phases both in suspension and in a dry state was observed over time. Presence of magnesium was shown to promote formation of NiSO4·7H2O in solution and increased its stability in a dry form. In their dry state, nickel sulfate that was formed in the absence of magnesium transformed towards α-NiSO4·6H2O, whereas those precipitated in the presence of high magnesium concentrations transformed towards β-NiSO4·6H2O, indicating that magnesium inhibited the phase transformation towards α-NiSO4·6H2O. Knowledge about various solid phases of varying crystal morphology and stability can be used as input to decisions for the best suited solid product type and how this relates to the initial conditions of the sidestreams.

Formulating the Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain in Indonesia

The need for electric vehicle (EV) in the world is currently showing an increase, including Indonesia. Indonesia's Lithium reserves of around 4.5 billion tons and is the largest in the world, about 32.7%. This study aims to formulate a strategy for the EV battery supply chain in Indonesia to support the industry. Data was collected through questionnaires from experts using AHP-CPI. Center of Gravity was applied to determine the specific location and the supply chain strategy was formulated with SWOT. The research resulted in the best alternative location for an EV battery factory in the IMIP-Morowali industrial area, Central Sulawesi with score 486.55. Two grand strategies were suggested for EV supply chain industry, conducting research and improving human resources through training and technology transfer from investors by providing incentives.

Value-added analysis of the electric vehicle battery industry in Indonesia

The establishment of the Indonesian Battery Corporation is a step forward to make Indonesia a global player in the electric vehicle battery industry. This state-owned consortium is mandated to develop an integrated electric vehicle battery industry ecosystem from upstream to downstream. Indonesia has around six companies developing High-Pressure Acid Leach processing and refining projects. Battery production for Indonesian electric vehicles is estimated to contribute approximately 12.7% to the global market by 2035. A value-added analysis approach model is estimated to increase Gross Domestic Product by $21,434 billion. In addition, the impact on job creation is around 42,603 people. This estimation can be implemented with some supports, such as partners with proven technology and significant capital to build the precursor and cathode industries, battery cell and battery industries, and the electric vehicle industry and policies related to development.