Jacksonian Consular Reform and the Forging of America’s First Global Bureaucracy

As revolutions swept across Central and South America in the 1820s and 1830s, Andrew Jackson’s administration undertook a landmark reform that transformed the US foreign policy apparatus into the nation’s first global bureaucracy. With the introduction of Edward Livingston’s 1833 consular reform bill to Congress, the nation embarked on a long path toward the modernization of its consular service in line with the powers of Europe and the new American republics. Despite the popularity of Livingston’s plan to turn a dated US consular service comprised of mercantile elites into a salaried professional bureaucracy, the Jacksonian consular reform dragged on for more than two decades before the passing of a consular bill in 1856. Contrary to Weberian models positing a straightforward path toward bureaucratization, the trajectory of Jacksonian consular reform demonstrates the power of mercantile elites to resist central government regulation just as much as it highlights how petty partisans—the protégé consuls appointed via the Jacksonian “spoils system”—powerfully shaped government policy to achieve personal advantages. In the constant tug-of-war between merchant-consuls and Jacksonian protégés, both groups mobilized competing visions of the “national character” in their correspondence with the Department of State and in the national press. Ultimately, the Jacksonian reform vision of an egalitarian and loyal consular officialdom prevailed over the old mercantile model of consulship as a promoter of national prestige and commercial expertise, but only after protégé consuls successfully exploited merchant-consuls’ perceived inability to compete with the salaried European officials across the sister-republics of the southwestern hemisphere.

IMPLEMENTASI GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMATIF DALAM PENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING PENDIDIKAN

Budaya organisasi pada tataran sekolah memerlukan pemimpin yang berkemampuan memobilisasi perkembangan dan perubahan yaitu melakukan kegiatan kreatif, menemukan strategi, metode, cara-cara, atau konsep-konsep yang baru dalam pengajaran agar pembelajaran bermakna dan melahirkan pendidikan yang berkualitas. Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut maka diperlukan kepemimpinan transformatif sebagai upaya untuk menghasilkan pendidikan yang mampu berdaya saing dan menghasilkann peserta didik yang mempunyai integritas kepribadian, sikap disiplin, kreatif, inovatif, dan kompetitif. Profesionalitas kepemimpinan pendidikan sebagai pemimpin transformasional perlu memiliki kompetensi, transparansi, efisiensi, dan kualitas tinggi. Strategi Pelaksanaan Kepemimpinan Transformatif Kepala MI Perwanida Kota Blitar dan SD Islam Al Munawar Tulungagung dalam meningkatkan kebijakan daya saing pendidikan di lembaganya: (1) Di lembaga Madrasah/sekolah terjadi adanya kerjasama dengan wakil-wakilnya, guru-guru, dan staf dalam kerja tim (team work), sehingga memungkinkan terlaksananya peran kepemimpinan tim (team leadership); (2) Di lembaga Madrasah/sekolah terjadi adanya peningkatan motivasi dan membangkitkan gairah kerja guru yang diorientasikan pada terciptanya pertumbuhan personal dan profesional guru (personal and professional growth), sehingga memungkinkan terlaksananya peran kepemimpinan supervisi (supervisory leadership); (3) Di lembaga madrasah tercipta penataan organisasi madrasah, iklim hubungan yang bersifat loose coupling, dan mengubah struktur dan iklim birokrasi menjadi menyenangkan (comfortable bureaucracy) atau profesional (professional bureaucracy) sehingga memungkinkan terlaksanya peran kepemimpinan organisasional (organizational leadership).

STRUKTUR ORGANISASI PASCA KEBIJAKAN PENGHAPUSAN ESELON III-IV: STUDI KASUS PDDI LIPI

The dissolution of government institutions occurred again in the administration of President Joko Widodo in 2020. The policies taken by President Joko Widodo always have a background on budget efficiency and bureaucracy. The same thing also happened in October 2019. In the direction of the President in October 2019 it was stated that there was a need to simplify the bureaucracy. Simplification of the bureaucracy is intended to create a dynamic, agile, and professional bureaucracy that is effective and efficient. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to change the organizational structure. The need to form an organizational structure is the background of this paper. In order for an organization to run effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to have an organizational structure that suits the needs and conditions of an organization. This paper uses a qualitative design with literature survey techniques and case studies in the Center for Data and Scientific Documentation of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PDDI LIPI). The output of this paper is a proposed organizational structure model that is in line with the current conditions of the PDDI LIPI and is considered for implementation in other public sector organizations.

The Algocracy as a new ideal type for government organizations: Predictive policing in Berlin as an empirical case

Motivated by the classic work of Max Weber, this study develops an ideal type to study the transformation of government bureaucracy in the ‘age of algorithms’. We present the new ideal type – the algocracy – and position this vis-à-vis three other ideal types (machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, infocracy). We show that while the infocracy uses technology to improve the machine bureaucracy, the algocracy automates the professional bureaucracy. By reducing and quantifying the uncertainty of decision-making processes in organizations the algocracy rationalizes the exercise of rational-legal authority in the professional bureaucracy. To test the value of the ideal type, we use it to analyze the introduction of a predictive policing system in the Berlin Police. Our empirical analysis confirms the value of the algocracy as a lens to study empirical practices: the study highlights how the KrimPro system conditions professional assessments and centralizes control over complex police processes. This research therefore positions the algocracy in the heart of discussions about the future of the public sector and presents an agenda for further research.

A Proposal on Developing a 360° Agile Organizational Structure by Superimposing Matrix Organizational Structure with Cross-functional Teams

With the growing business opportunities and expanding boundaries, the organizational structure of the companies is becoming highly dynamic with several levels flattened out and branching out horizontally, instead of being vertical. With agility required in all fast-evolving organizations, it is essential to check out for the suitability of the modern organizational structures prevalent, being classified by Mintzberg as ‘entrepreneurial or simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisional form, and adhocracy or innovative’ (Mintzberg, 1980; Lunenburg, 2012). In this article, we propose a 360° Agile organizational structure which is a hybrid of the matrix organizational structure superimposed with cross-functional teams (CFTs). This article discusses the possibilities of forming smaller teams without compromising the incidence of the essential ‘skills– talents–competencies’, necessary for every single project, thereby superimposing the matrix organizational structure and the CFTs. This article also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this proposed organizational structure. A possible cross-check with regard to the scalability issues has also been made with the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe®) agile HR practices.

From professional bureaucracy to competitive bureaucracy – redefining universities’ organization principles, performance measurement criteria, and reason for being

Purpose This purpose of this study is to understand how the spread of audit culture and the related public sector reforms have affected Finnish universities’ organization principles, performance measurement (PM) criteria and ultimately their reason for being. Design/methodology/approach Applying extensive qualitative data by combining interview data with document materials, this study takes a longitudinal perspective toward the changing Finnish higher education field. Findings The analysis suggests the reforms have altered universities’ administrative structures, planning and control systems, coordination mechanisms and the role of staff units, as well as the allocation of power and thus challenged their reason for being. Power has become concentrated into the hands of formal managers, while operational core professionals have been distanced from decision making. Efficiency in terms of financial and performance indicators has become a coordinating principle of university organizations, and PM practices are used to steer the work of professionals. Because of the reforms, universities have moved away from the ideal type of professional bureaucracy and begun resembling the new, emerging ideal type of competitive bureaucracy. Originality/value This study builds on rich, real-life, longitudinal empirical material and details a chronological description of the changes in Finland’s university sector. Moreover, it illustrates how the spread of audit culture and the related legislative changes have transformed the ideal type of university organization and challenged universities’ reason for being. These changes entail significant consequences regarding universities as organizations and their role in society.

The Dedication of English Educator’s Career in Inspiring Language Skills among the Engineering Pupils

Communication infers the interchange of musings and thoughts with the aim of passing the information from the sender to receiver. In this 21st century era, procuring fundamental skills of communication has turned out to be basic for individual and expert development and achievement. Consequently, a student of Engineering and Technology can't bear to overlook the basics of communication. In the worldwide senerio, pupils of Engineering and Technology are in need of language skills for their prosperity both in the avenue of Education and Career. Fluency in the skill of communication is a basic needful to climb on the professional bureaucracy. Having this as a primary concern, the English language instructor needs to assume a critical part by assuming a liability to support the pupils in building up their skills in communication. This research paper endeavours to feature the indispensable prominent part of the English language tutor in building up the vital skills to survive.

Actualization Of Human Rights Values Through Bureaucratic Reform Towards Justice Bureaucratic Governance

Before entering the reform era, bureaucratic governance in Indonesia was characterized by the practice of collusion and nepotism in which the bureaucracy could not carry out its duties and obligations professionally and they could not achieve their careers fairly and sustainably. Therefore, the aim of bureaucratic reform is to realize fair bureaucratic governance in which bureaucratic apparatus can carry out their duties and obligations professionally and the bureaucracy can reach career paths as a state apparatus fairly and professionally. So far, bureaucratic reform has not yet reached its objectives, where bureaucratic governance, especially in the context of the promotion of the position of state civil apparatus (ASN), is still colored by the practice of collusion and nepotism caused by high political intervention in ASN promotion. Regional autonomy and regional head elections are wrong which causes bureaucratic reform to not work effectively. The regional head who is the result of the regional election places ASN in the strategic position of regional apparatus according to their political interests, not based on the potential possessed by the ASN. For this reason, the design of bureaucratic reforms needs to be reorganized so that the gap of political intervention in bureaucratic governance can be minimized in order to realize a professional bureaucracy. Keywords: Bureaucracy, Bureaucratic Reform, Human Rights