Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review

Background: Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair). Objective: The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir. Method: The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV. Conclusion: The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.

Evaluation of Cancer Bio-markers through Hyphenated Analytical Techniques

Background: The accurate and efficient diagnosis at the early stages of cancers is the key feature for effective treatment and productive research for finding out news to types of cancers. It is essentially true for cancers, where there is no effective cure, but only one treatment is available. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy or radiation therapy or immunotherapy or targeted therapy or hormone therapy.Cancers symptoms of abnormal periods or pelvic pain, changes in bathroom habits, bloating, breast changes, chronic coughing, chronic headache, difficulty swallowing, excessing bruising. Despite the fact of having great need, the current availability of diagnostic tests is unable to diagnose different forms of cancers. Aim: The aim of the review is to explore the application of GC-MS, LC-MS and UP-LC/Q-TOF MS for the evaluation of changes in the biochemical composition of blood serum, urine and saliva. The power of high differentiation method will promote the translation of hyphenated techniques from a laboratory to clinical useful tool. Determination of biochemical information derives from hyphenated techniques from blood, serum, saliva and urine that will yield accurate and selective detection of cancer disorders. They will also provide diagnostic and prognostic indicators and will also play a significant role in the development of personalized medicine. Conclusion: Hyphenated techniques will allow differentiating blood serum, saliva and urine samples of common cancer disorders from normal control patients with sensitivity and specificity.

A Review of Markers in Ayurveda for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

From the ancient days itself the ayurvedic medicine has special importance. This ayurvedic system of medicine originated in India. In India nearly 70% of people use ayurvedic system of medicine along the western system of medicine. The Ayurveda mainly come under three classes are vata, pitta and the kapha. Chemically identified constituents of an herbal medicine that are of concern for quality control purposes are known as markers. Some of the markers are widely used for anti-inflammatory agents are Boswellia, sunthi, gokshuru, guduchi, guggulu this marker possess anti-inflammatory action that reduces pain, swelling of joints, Arthritis, joint complaints, Muscular injuries etc. The chromatographical / spectroscopical analytical development can be done for markers. The analytical development possess the way to the analytical information about the markers. The technique such as HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, UPLC-PDA are properly validated by ICH guidelines using validation parameters such as accuracy, recovery, precision, LOD, LOQ, Robustness etc. For many markers there is lack of development of Hyphenated techniques. By increasing the analytical techniques, research is prone to be more effective and successful to promote quality, safety and efficacy.

A Brief Review of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Allopurinol in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Matrices

This review article represents the collection and discussion of various analytical methods available in the literature for the determination of allopurinol (ALLP) in pharmaceutical and biological samples consisting of HPLC, UV-visible method, near-IR spectroscopy, spectrofluorometry, capillary electrophoresis, polarography, voltammetry, and hyphenated techniques such as LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS. The anticipated review provides details about the comparative utilization of various analytical techniques for the determination of ALLP. The present review article can be effectively explored to conduct future analytical investigation for the estimation of ALLP.

Recent Advances and Developments in Hyphenated Techniques and their Applications

Background: A hyphenated technique is blend or coupling of two distinctive analytical methods like chromatographic and spectral methods with appropriate interface. Objective: This article describes about the various hyphenated techniques, a brief note on their instrumentation and working principles that are used in the current setup of industries. Like-wise their remarkable improvement and efficiency over the past decade. The techniques like single quadrupole inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-Q-MS), ICP- Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ), Liquid chromatography-Two -dimensional Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-GCXGC-MS/MS), Two dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) ,etc. are considered as recent improvements in this trend. Conclusion: This development in the hyphenated techniques supports in different scientific fields, biomedical research, food and drug analysis. In addition to this improvement produced remarkable dimensional changes in the natural product analysis and elemental specifications.