Deployment Optimization Method of Multistatic Radar for Constructing Circular Barrier Coverage

To construct circular barrier coverage (CBC) with multistatic radars, a deployment optimization method based on equipartition strategy is proposed in this paper. In the method, the whole circular area is divided into several sub-circles with equal width, and each sub-circle is blanketed by a sub-CBC that is built based on the multistatic radar deployment patterns. To determine the optimal deployment patterns for each sub-CBC, the optimization conditions are firstly studied. Then, to optimize the deployment of the whole circular area, a model based on minimum deployment cost is proposed, and the proposed model is divided into two sub-models to solve the optimization issue. In the inner model, it is assumed that the width of a sub-circle is given. Based on the optimization conditions of the deployment pattern, integer linear programming (ILP) and exhaustive method (EM) are jointly adopted to determine the types and numbers of deployment patterns. Moreover, a modified formula is introduced to calculate the maximum valid number of receivers in a pattern, thus narrowing the search scope of the EM. In the outer model, the width of a sub-circle is assumed to be a variable, and the EM is adopted to determine the minimum total deployment cost and the optimal deployment patterns on each sub-circle. Moreover, the improved formula is exploited to determine the range of width for a sub-circle barrier and reduce the search scope of the EM. Finally, simulations are conducted in different conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can spend less deployment cost and deploy fewer transmitters than the state-of-the-artwork.

Biomass and Carbon Stock Variation along slopes in Tropical Forest of Nepal: A case of Depard Community Forest, Makwanpur, Nepal

This study was conducted to assess biomass and carbon stock along slopes in Depard community forest, Manahari-6, Makwanpur district of Nepal. In Nepal, carbon stock estimation has been less practiced in community forest. A random sampling method was applied in this study to collect biophysical data i.e. DBH and height by non-destructive method to estimate the quantity of tree biomass and carbon stock. 21 sample plots with 1% sampling intensity were established within the study area. The circular area of 250 m2 was predetermined with the radius of 8.92 m for this study. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literature. Data were pooled and analyzed with SPSS software. The total biomass and carbon stock were calculated to be 1381.30 t/ha and 649.21 t/ha, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock were highest (563.12 t/ha and 242.42 t/ha) in 0-5% slope, and lowest in >20% of slope (334.75 t/ha and 143.60 t/ha). The difference of biomass and carbon in slopes may be due to the accumulation of more organic matter and other minerals in the less sloped areas through rainfall, landslide.

Experimental Dynamic Rigidity of an Elastic Coupling with Bolts

The paper presents an elastic coupling with bolts and intermediary non-metallic elements, which allows for radial and axial deviation and can absorb shocks and torsional vibrations. The designed bolts have a particular shape of a circular area of a length equal to the width of the non-metallic element, a cylindrical area larger than the diameter of the cylindrical groove where the non-metallic elements are mounted, and a cylindrical area smaller than the threaded area to avoid stress concentrators and bolt breakage. The coupling represents a symmetrical piece, having two planes of symmetry. Therefore, the study of such a mechanical system can be considerably simplified considering the design and description of the repeating elements. The novelty of this coupling consists in the existence of an intermediate disc between two half-couplings (driving and driven half-coupling). The non-metallic elements with different shapes are made of different types of rubber, mounted on cylindrical bolts fixed by the driving half-coupling, transmitting the motion in both directions.

Fuzzy Entropy-Based Spatial Hotspot Reliability

Cluster techniques are used in hotspot spatial analysis to detect hotspots as areas on the map; an extension of the Fuzzy C-means that the clustering algorithm has been applied to locate hotspots on the map as circular areas; it represents a good trade-off between the accuracy in the detection of the hotspot shape and the computational complexity. However, this method does not measure the reliability of the detected hotspots and therefore does not allow us to evaluate how reliable the identification of a hotspot of a circular area corresponding to the detected cluster is; a measure of the reliability of hotspots is crucial for the decision maker to assess the need for action on the area circumscribed by the hotspots. We propose a method based on the use of De Luca and Termini’s Fuzzy Entropy that uses this extension of the Fuzzy C-means algorithm and measures the reliability of detected hotspots. We test our method in a disease analysis problem in which hotspots corresponding to areas where most oto-laryngo-pharyngeal patients reside, within a geographical area constituted by the province of Naples, Italy, are detected as circular areas. The results show a dependency between the reliability and fluctuation of the values of the degrees of belonging to the hotspots.

Auditory tracking of multiple naturalistic moving objects

Thirty participants tracked auditorily moving sound sources to estimate the capacity for multiple identity tracking by hearing. The participants sat blindfolded in a gym hall. Four assistants moved about semi-randomly in a circular area around the participant and constantly repeated a proper name. Two to four of the assistants were designated as the targets. The participants were to keep track of the designated targets during the 10-sec movement phase. After the movement stopped, one target was probed and the participant provided the name of the probed target. Auditory tracking capacity was estimated to be 1.5 items, which is half the size of the visual tracking capacity. It is suggested that the limited capacity for auditory tracking is related to the difficulty in refreshing what-where -bindings in the auditory modality.

Lateral migration of explosive hazards during maar eruptions constrained from crater shapes

Maar volcanoes are produced by subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions that can move vertically and laterally during an eruption. Constraining the distances that maar-forming explosions move laterally, and the number of relocations common to these eruptions, is vital for informing hazard scenarios and numerical simulations. This study uses 241 intact Quaternary maar crater shapes to establish global trends in size and spacing of explosion position relocations. Maar craters are sorted into shape classes based on the presence of uniquely identifiable combinations of overlapping circular components in their geometry. These components are used to recognize the minimum number of explosion locations responsible for observed crater shapes. Craters with unique solutions are then used to measure the size and spacing of the explosion footprints, the circular area of the largest crater produced by a single explosion of a given energy, that produce the crater shape. Thus, even in the absence of abundant observations of maar-type eruptions, the typical range, size and spacing of explosion positions are derived from maar crater shapes. This analysis indicates that most Quaternary maar eruptions involved at least three different explosion locations spanning distances of 200–600 m that did not always follow the trend of the dike feeding the eruption. Additional evaluation of larger maars, consistent with stratigraphic studies, indicates that centers of explosive activity, and thus the origin of ballistic and density current hazards, can move as many as twenty times during a maar-forming eruption. These results provide the first quantitative constraints on the scale and frequency of lateral migration in maar eruptions and these values can directly contribute to hazard models and eruption event trees in advance of future maar-type eruptions.

The Convoluted Tubules of the Nephron Must Be Considered Elliptical, and Not Circular, in Stereological Studies of the Kidney

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The diameter and area of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) are of the main parameters analyzed in stereological studies of the kidney. However, there is no consensus about if the PCT and DCT should be considered circular or elliptical in shape. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To analyze if there are significant differences in the diameter and area of the PCT and DCT, depending on whether they are considered circular or elliptical. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Paraffin-embedded sections of kidneys from CD1 mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined using a light microscope. Images were captured using a camera linked to image analysis software. A short diameter (<i>d</i>) and a long diameter (<i>D</i>) were measured in both PCT and DCT. A small circular area (SCA), a large circular area (LCA), and an elliptical area (EA) were calculated with mathematical formulas that incorporate <i>d</i> and <i>D</i> values, while a program area (PA) was provided by the software. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a significant difference between <i>d</i> and <i>D</i> in both PCT (<i>F</i> = 1.354, Sig = 0.000) and DCT (<i>F</i> = 4.989, Sig = 0.000). Also, there were significant differences in the tubular areas in both PCT (<i>F</i> = 34.843, Sig = 0.000) and DCT (<i>F</i> = 22.390, Sig = 0.000); circular areas were different from elliptical areas (SCA and LCA vs. EA and PA). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The convoluted tubules of the nephron must not be considered circular, but rather elliptical; care should be taken every time the tubules are analyzed in stereological studies of the kidney, especially when evaluating their diameters and areas.

Eye Drowsiness Tiredness Detection Based on Driver Experience Using Image Mining

These techniques introduce eye position state and it is parameter as a feasible means of sleepiness recognition. It has been recommended that an increase of eye sleepy state might indicates sleepiness. Thus this method can be used to caution the driver’s risk if driver drives the vehicle. These suggestion were derived from investigative an example of driver’s in attentive and sleepy situation. The gadget evaluate is base on tracking of the eye retina pupil (circular area) to calculate rate of eye sleepy condition. In this research study, individual change in the path of growing sleepiness from a drivers’ eye retina is examined. Data analysis study is interest on the improvement of a prepared display of sleepiness based on an arrangement of eye white and eye black measure values. This will use very accurate operational indicator of drowsiness. However, the main constraint of measure is that driver’s may not show this eye state until they are purely sleepy and/or weaken.

About Black Holes

All kinds of waves occur for the disturbances in the quiet gravitational field. Different waves powered differently and propagated in the gravitational field. A black hole is the higher GFI (Gravitational Field Intensity) area. The rays do not possess, coming from a distant source when pass by the black holes, adequate strength to disturb in the higher GFI area of the black holes. Naturally, the rays take on a curve path as the provision in a circular area depends on the radius (distance), keeping distance according to the lower GFI area around the black holes’ centre.