Charge State Effect of High Energy Ions on Material Modification in the Electronic Stopping Region

It has been observed that modifications of non-metallic solids such as sputtering and surface morphology are induced by electronic excitation under high-energy ion impact and that these modifications depend on the charge of incident ions (charge-state effect or incident-charge effect). A simple model is described, consisting of an approximation to the mean-charge-evolution by saturation curves and the charge-dependent electronic stopping power, for the evaluation of the relative yield (e.g., electronic sputtering yield) of the non-equilibrium charge incidence over that of the equilibrium-charge incidence. It is found that the present model reasonably explains the charge state effect on the film thickness dependence of lattice disordering of WO3. On the other hand, the model appears to be inadequate to explain the charge-state effect on the electronic sputtering of WO3 and LiF. Brief descriptions are given for the charge-state effect on the electronic sputtering of SiO2, UO2 and UF4, and surface morphology modification of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), mica and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C).

National Trends in Pediatric Admissions for Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 2006-2016

Background and Objectives Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates in the US are rising. Prior studies suggest higher rates in younger populations, but no studies have evaluated national trends in pediatric populations and differences by subgroups. As such, we sought to examine national trends in pediatric DKA. Methods We used the 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) to identify pediatric DKA admissions among a nationally-representative sample of admissions youth ≤20 years-old. We estimate DKA admission per 10,000 admissions and per 10,000 population, charges, length of stay (LOS), and trends over time among all hospitalizations and by demographic subgroups. Regression models were used to evaluate differences in DKA rates within subgroups overtime. Results Between 2006 and 2016, there were 149,535 admissions for DKA. Unadjusted DKA rate per admission increased from 120.5 (95%CI:115.9–125.2) in 2006 to 217.7 (95%CI:208.3–227.5) in 2016. The mean charge per admission increased from $14,548 (95%CI:$13,971–$15,125) in 2006 to $20,997 (95%CI:$19,973–$22,022) in 2016, while mean LOS decreased from 2.51 (95%CI:2.45–2.57) to 2.28 (95%CI:2.23–2.33) days. Higher DKA rates occurred among 18-20 year-old, females, Black youth, without private insurance, with lower incomes, and from non-urban areas. Young adults, men, those without private insurance, and from non-urban areas had greater increases in DKA rates across time. Conclusions Pediatric DKA admissions have risen by 40% in the US and vulnerable subgroups remain at highest risk. Further studies should characterize the challenges experienced by these groups, to inform interventions to mitigate their DKA risk and to address the rising DKA rates nationally.

Current Filaments in Asymmetric Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge

In this study, we examine the statistical properties of asymmetric surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBD) produced by applying a periodic high voltage between two conducting displaced electrodes, located at the opposite sides of a flat dielectric panel. Here, the asymmetry refers to the fact that the lower electrode is fully covered with an insulating material, while the upper one, glued onto the dielectric surface, is otherwise left exposed to the air. Such a configuration allows the formation of a thin layer of plasma above the insulating surface. A single cycle signal consists of two well-separated half-cycle patterns, denoted as forward and backward strokes, corresponding to positive and negative voltages, respectively. They display a quite complex discharge pattern constituted by a sequence of individual peaks (bursts) of varying current and time duration. Specifically, we find that backward stroke bursts carry a positive mean charge Q≃0.3 nC and mean current I≃35 mA, with a mean duration τ≃15 ns, while forward stroke bursts have a negative mean charge Q≃−0.1 nC, a mean current I≃−20 mA, and a mean duration τ≃11 ns. The statistical analysis suggests that power injection can be tailored to produce the active agents in the plasma needed for a particular application. We also determined discharge spatial correlation patterns from measurements of the associated stimulated optical emission. The optical excitations occur as a result of the ionizing effect of the electromagnetic waves which ignite the discharge, followed by the electric current flow. In particular, we point out that one of the phases of the discharge is compatible with a cathode directed streamer phenomenon (backward stroke), while the mechanism acting for a forward stroke has a different structure.

An Improved Mechanism for SDN Flow Space to Control Oriented Authentication NAA Network

The Open Daylight platform with its power by working with IEEE 802.1X port level authentication for wired and wireless networks has been very supportive because of the massive deployments at mean charge for main design considerations. Within the current marketplace, 802.1X has flourished the ground works for wireless, wire stability, LAN stability and authentication methods. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) supports long time protection of the supplicant and the authentication software till the end condition of the RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) server is met. This paper is focused on the RAR (RADIUS Access Request) unique identification about the users on the network with SAA (Supplicant, Authenticator and Authentication server) system which records on the attribute cost of RFC 2865 according to the forwarding server. NAA (Non-Adaptive Algorithm) using FlowVisor based virtualization packages drive inward the network timescales or statistics, dynamically controlling the flow space of switches to control the speed and results in scaling of networks. NAA is an application level protocol that contains authentication and configuration information between a Network Access Server and a shared authentication server. It avoids the attacker from listening for requests and responses from the server and calculates the improved MD5 client secret key of the response.

Gross Pathology of Routine Pediatric Tonsillectomy Specimens: Optimizing the Value of Patient Care

Objective This investigation seeks to evaluate the effect of gross pathologic analysis on our management of patients undergoing routine tonsillectomy and to evaluate charges and reimbursement. Study Design Retrospective chart review from 2005 through 2016. Setting Academic medical center. Subjects and Methods Participants were pediatric patients aged 14 years and younger undergoing tonsillectomy for either sleep-disordered breathing or tonsillitis, with tonsillectomy specimens evaluated by pathology, and without any risk factors for pediatric malignancy. Records were reviewed for demographics, surgical indications, and pathology. Abnormal reports prompted an in-depth review of the chart. Charges and reimbursement related to both hospital and professional fees for gross tonsil analysis were evaluated. Results From 2005 to 2016, 3183 routine pediatric tonsillectomy cases were performed with corresponding specimens that were sent for gross analysis revealing no significant pathologic findings; 1841 were males and 1342 were females. Ten cases underwent microscopy by pathologist order, revealing normal tonsillar tissue. The mean charge per patient for gross analysis was $60.67 if tonsils were together as 1 specimen and $77.67 if tonsils were sent as 2 separate specimens; respective reimbursement amounts were $28.74 and $35.90. Conclusions Gross pathologic analysis did not change our management of routine pediatric tonsillectomy patients. Foregoing the practice at our institution would eliminate $19,171.72 to $24,543.72 in charges and $9081.40 to $11,344.40 in reimbursement per year. Eliminating this test would improve the value of patient care by saving health care resources without compromising clinical outcomes.

Measurements of vertical electric field in a thunderstorm in a Chinese inland plateau

A balloon-borne instrument was designed to measure the electric field in thunderstorms. One case of thunderstorm was observed in the Pingliang region (35.57∘ N, 106.59∘ E; and 1620 m above sea level, a.s.l.) of a Chinese inland plateau, through penetration by the balloon-borne sounding in the early period of the mature stage. Results showed that the sounding passed through seven predominant charge regions. A negative charge region with a depth of 800 m located near the surface, and a positive charge region appeared in the warm cloud region; their mean charge densities were −0.44 ± 0.136 and 0.43 ± 0.103 nC m−3, respectively. Five charge regions existed in the region colder than 0 ∘C, and charge polarity alternated in a vertical direction with a positive charge at the lowest region. The mean charge densities for these five regions were 0.40±0.037 nC m−3 (−9.5 to −4 ∘C), -0.63±0.0107 nC m−3 (−18 to −14 ∘C), 0.35±0.063 nC m−3 (−27 to −18 ∘C), -0.36±0.057 nC m−3 (−34 to −27 ∘C), and 0.24±0.06 nC m−3 (−38 to −34 ∘C). We speculated that the two independent positive charge regions in the lower portion are the same charge region with a weak charge density layer in the middle. The analysis showed that the real charge structure of the thunderstorm is more complex than the tripole model, and the lower dipole is the most intensive charge region in the thunderstorm. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (atmospheric electricity)