Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Study of the Cutaneous Effects of a Topical Body Treatment Compared to a Bland Moisturizer

Background Over time human skin thins and loses elasticity, and topical treatments attempt to reverse this process. Objectives Assess the efficacy of TransFORM Body Treatment (TFB) in skin rejuvenation compared to a bland moisturizer on the extensor and volar forearms. Methods Blinded participants were given two products to apply on the designated forearms with follow-up at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Measurements included skin thickness, photography, dermatopathology, cutaneous elasticity by two separate devices, and patient reported outcomes. All were compared to baseline. Results Change in roughness: extensor -0.09 mm for bland moisturizer and -0.26 mm for TFB (P = 0.174); volar 0.01mm for bland moisturizer and -0.23 mm for TFB (P = 0.004). Change in recoil velocity: volar -56 degree/s for bland moisturizer and -24 degree/s for TFB (p = 0.61); extensor -95 degree/s for bland moisturizer and -63 degree/s for TFB (p = 0.57). Change in retraction speed: volar -3.25 ms for bland moisturizer and -20.08 ms for TFB (p = 0.33); extensor -2.17 ms for bland moisturizer and -10.83 ms for TFB (p = 0.66). Histology: TFB showed an increase in mucopolysaccharide content, new collagen and increase in elastin fibers in the papillary dermis. Change in Rao-Goldman score: volar -0.17 for bland moisturizer and -0.33 for TFB (p = 0.25); extensor -0.08 for bland moisturizer and -0.17 for TFB (p = 0.36). Conclusions Histology showed production of new collagen and elastin. Quantification of changes using skin thickness, skin retraction speed and skin recoil velocity showed trends that agree with the visual data.

Estimation of Recoil Energy of Water-Jet Disruptor

Water is used as a liquid projectile in a disruptor for destruction of various dangerous objects such as improvised explosive devices (IED’s). This weapon is light weight and experiences certain recoil during a firing action. As there is motion between a projectile and a barrel, a recoil is experienced by the weapon. The recoil of weapon works on a conservation of momentum equation which is based on Newton’s second law of motion. A water-jet is created due to intense gas generation by a propellant burning inside the cartridge. The gas energy obtained by burning the propellant is responsible for pushing the projectile in a forward direction through the barrel. Due to gas generation by propellant burning, there is forward motion of the projectile. An attempt is made to determine the theoretical recoil velocity, its energy for the projectile in a water-jet application. The minimum and maximum recoil velocities of a water-jet varies from 2.311 m/s to 2.611 m/s. The order of magnitude for the recoil velocities is small and can be compared with a recoil of small calibre weapons that these weapons experienced during a firing mode. Based on recoil velocities, minimum and maximum kinetic energies of recoil parts are determined as 3.73 kJ and 4.77 kJ, respectively. The maximum gas force experienced by the projectile is worked out as 13.46 kN. The minimum and maximum energies to overcome the resistance force are determined as 14.657 J and 18.711 J, respectively. A small exercise for spring design is also covered.

Insights into atomic orbital polarization in polyatomic dissociation from DC slide velocity map imaging

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] "The field of chemical reaction dynamics is based upon understanding the details of elementary chemical reactions. It seeks to answer fundamental questions such as, what pathways does the reaction follow? what product states are formed? what determines the energy disposal, and the angular distributions of the products? State-of-the-art experimental methods developed over time along with theoretical techniques and advanced computational methods provide a toolset to address these questions. Achieving deep insight into reaction mechanisms ultimately permits the control over their chemical reactivity. One way of apprehending these processes is to characterize the potential energy surface (PES) since they completely embody the forces between the constituent atoms. .. Photodissociation of small molecules has been studied using variety of detection methods, such as, photofragment translational spectroscopy, [4,5] Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), [6] Doppler-related methods, [7] Rydberg tagging, [8,9] photofragment ion imaging [10] and photoelectron imaging. [11] Photofragment imaging is now the most widely used method to study photodissociation dynamics. In the simplest illustration, it maps the recoil velocity distribution of the state selected product onto a position sensitive detector plane and energy and the angular distributions information are extracted by reconstruction of the experimentally observed images. The main objective of the this work is to study the vector correlations of photodissociation using photofragment ion imaging technique."--Introduction.

Experimental Evaluation of the Response Time of Magnetorheological Dampers Subjected to Impact Loading

In recoil mechanisms applications the response time is an important characteristic for Magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers, since the recoil cycle is very fast. Method for experimental testing the response time of MR dampers subjected to impact loading was promoted and impact tests were done. Since the viscose damping force of MR dampers is only related to the recoil velocity, which can not be controlled by the operating current, only the controllable damping force response to the input voltage was evaluated, and the viscose damping force were removed by the MR damper’s model. Two factors that may have effect on the response of MR dampers were considered the response of the electromagnetic circuit current of MR damper coils, and the response characteristic of MR fluid material. PI control algorithm was used to shorten the circuit current response. The results indicated that, compared with the much shorter delay of MR fluid, the driving circuit response has more significant effect on the MR dampers’ response time. What’s more, it was also verified that, it is feasible to improve the MR dampers’ response time subjected to impact loading by modifying the electromagnetic circuit through good control algorithms.

Recoil velocity of pulsar/magnetar induced by magnetic dipole and quadrupole radiation

Recoil velocity is examined as a back reaction to the magnetic dipole and quadrupole radiations from a pulsar/magnetar born with rapid rotation. The model is extended from notable Harrison-Tademaru one by including arbitrary field-strength of the magnetic quadrupole moment. The process is slow one operating on a spindown timescale. Resultant velocity depends on not the magnitude, but rather the ratio of the two moments and their geometrical configuration. The model does not necessarily lead to high spatial velocity for a magnetar with a strong magnetic field. This fact is consistent with the recent observational upper bound. The maximum velocity predicted with this model is slightly smaller than that of observed fast-moving pulsars.

Noise reduction in linear variable differential transformer data of recoil motion measurement by numerical methods

The measurement of recoil distance versus time by various methods such as the recoil potentiometer, photo electric transducer, slide wire, accelerometer, revolving drum system, and linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) has been used for gross muzzle brake efficiency measurements and recoil system performance evaluation by the calculation of recoil velocities. For a long recoil-length gun system, a combination of recoil potentiometer and LVDT is used extensively. In order to dispense with the use of recoil potentiometer in the above combination, the article proposes the use of the least-square-fit-based Richardson's extrapolation method and mean square velocity calculation for the accurate determination of free recoil velocity. The mean square velocity calculation is based on Parseval's theorem. The proposed method is based on the comparative evaluation of second- and third-order finite difference method, Richardson's fourth-order method, and the least-square-fit-based Richardson's extrapolation. The least-square-fit-based Richardson's extrapolation gives the lowest value of residual entropy. This is because the maximum likelihood estimators for Gauss probability distribution function and least-square estimators for the coefficients of polynomial representing recoil velocity time curve are coincident. The results of each of the four methods combined with the mean square velocity method were compared, and the least-square-fit-based Richardson's extrapolation was found to be accurate and consistent. The method can be used even when low pass filter is included in the LVDT circuit for stand-alone use.