Fertility preservation in women with ovarian cancer: Finding new pathways: A case-control study

Background: Surgery and chemotherapy are the two most common treatments for cancers, including ovarian cancer. Although most ovarian cancers occur over the age of 45 yr, it may involve younger women and affect their reproductive ability. Objective: To assess the expression of Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1), and miR-340 genes in the ovarian cancer tissues as well as ovarian cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 30 ovarian cancer samples (with the average age of 37 ± 2.5 years) coupled with their non-tumor marginal tissue (as a control) were collected. Proliferated cell lines were treated with several concentrations of cisplatin, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin was quantified by MTTassay. After RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and qRT-PCR were done. Finally, the results were analyzed. Results: While the expression levels of miR-340 and FOXO1 genes in tumor samples displayed a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.001), the LGR5 gene presented a significant increase in expression (p ≤ 0.0001). However, conversely, the expression levels of miR-340 and FOXO1 genes in cisplatin-sensitive cell lines, after 24, 48, and 72 hr of cisplatin treatment, indicated a significant increase (p ≤ 0.001) while the expression of LGR5 gene showed a significant decrease in the cisplatin-sensitive cell line (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The LGR5, FOXO1, and miR-340 genes can be targeted for early diagnosis and more accurate treatment of ovarian cancer and may prevent some of the ovarian cancer complications such as infertility. Key words: Ovarian cancer, Female infertility, LGR5, FOXO1, miR-340.

Diagnostic role of positron emission tomography in patients with ovarian cancer

The review deals with the effectiveness of the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the diagnosis, staging, assessment of treatment results, prognosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer. It is shown that the adequate use of PET in diagnostic algorithms can improve the accuracy of complex diagnostics, optimize the tactics of examination and treatment of patients. The opinions of researchers on the limitations of the method are presented, leading to false positive and false negative conclusions. Key words: ovarian cancer, positron emission tomography, 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose.

Brain metastases from gynaecological cancers

The spread of female genital tract tumours to the brain is a rare and insufficiently studied pathology. The problems of diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients still remain. The article gives a detail account of the clinical picture, radiological and morphological diagnosis, and the principles of treating patients with brain metastases from gynaecological cancers. Conclusion. A probable cause of a rare occurrence of brain metastases from gynaecological malignancies might be a high resistance of nervous tissue to various kinds of tumours. When local control over a brain tumour is achieved, this might improve the patient’s survival and quality of life in some particular cases. Key words: ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, brain metastases

HIGH RISK OF OVARIAN CANCER IN RURAL AND NON TRIBAL WOMEN

Background: The term "ovarian cancer" includes several different types of cancer that arise from cells of the ovary, most commonly, tumors arise from the epithelium or lining cells of the ovary. Smoking is an established risk factor for many diseases and is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Rural areas of the United States have a higher smoking prevalence than urban areas. Chronic stress associated with high income inequality has been hypothesized to increase ovarian cancer risk and other adverse health outcomes. Material & methods: The present study was conducted at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Total 100 cases (females) attending the obstetrics and gynecology department for some gynecological and other problem were selected for this study between the age of 40-60 years, who were attending cancer centre at GEETANJALI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, Udaipur (Rajasthan). GROUP I: - It consisted of healthy females control subjects (n=50) .By routine examination and tests, we ensured that all the subjects were healthy and there were no signs and symptoms or history of ovarian tumor and diseases GROUP II: - It consisted of ovarian cancer females subjects (n=50) with a history of ovarian tumor. Results: high risk of ovarian cancer occurs in female who lives in rural area and takes alcohol Conclusion: The present study we highlights the diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence of the role of smoking and alcohol in rural area womes so they need to aware for the same. Key words: Ovarian cancer, smoking, alcohol, rural area.

Fallopian tubes and ovarian cancer (Literature review)

In the literature review the authors present an analysis of the current stateproblem of ovarian cancer and ways of its possible solution. According to clinicalobservations and conducted in recent decades by morphological,immunohistochemical and molecular genetic studies it is fairly proved that theprimary cause of serous ovarian cancer is the pathology of the mucous layer offallopian tube. In the fallopian tube as a result of ciculation of inflammation andcarcinogens elements arises dysplasia of the mucosa with the development of thepreinvasive and initial invasive carcinoma with subsequent damage of the ovariesand pelvic peritoneum. Retrospective studies of a significant number of women’shealth status who had a deligation or removal of fallopian tubes in previous years showed a decrease in the disease incidence of serous ovarian cancer from 30 to 90%. The conclusions about the possibility of preventive measures of ovariancancer by opportunistic salpingectomy at post-productive age are made. In many world countries (Canada, China, France, Italy, Austria) the introduction of such a method of prevention has been started. We believe that in Ukraine there is an urgent need and all possibilities to solve this problem. Key words: ovarian cancer, preventive measures, opportunistic salpingectomy.

DETECTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS AND MOLECULAR LESIONS IN HUMAN OVARIAN CANCER CELLS

<p>Background. Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of gynaecological cancers. This is partly due to<br />the lack of effective screening markers. Indices of oxidative stress are well-recognized prognostic criteria for<br />tumorous transformation of tissue, but their value depends on the type of tumor and the stage of its development.<br />Objective. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between antioxidant/pro-oxidant ratio and the<br />signs of molecular lesions and apoptosis rate in blood of ovarian cancer patients and non-cancer ones.<br />Results. The ovarian cancer group is marked by antioxidant/prooxidant balance shifting to oxidative damage<br />in blood as the consequence of overexpression of oxyradicals (by 300%). Higher level of glutathione (by 366%),<br />lower level of metallothioneins (by 65%) as well as higher level of lipid peroxidation (by 174%) and protein carbonyls<br />(by 186%) in blood of ovarian cancer patients compared to the normal ovarian group have been observed. The<br />signs of cytotoxicity are determined in blood of ovarian cancer patients: an increased (compared to control) level<br />of DNA fragmentation (by 160%), choline esterase (up to twice), higher rate of both caspase dependent and<br />caspase independent lysosomal mediated apoptosis.<br />Conclusions. Cathepsin D activity both total and free, choline esterase activity, TBA-reactive substance and<br />protein carbonyls level in blood could be used as the predictive markers of worse prognosis and the signs of<br />human ovarian cancer.<br />KEY WORDS: ovarian cancer, oxidative stress, apoptosis, caspase-3, cathepsin D, choline esterase,<br />metallothionein.</p>

CORELATION OF ROMA ALGORITHM TO PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE STAGES OF DISEASE IN OVARIAN CANCER

Ovarian cancer is highly mortality in the gynecological cancers, accounting for 15-20% cancers of the female reproductive tract. Patients with primary ovarian cancer have often detected at later stages. Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) is used for the purpose of assessing the risk of malignancy for choosing appropriate treatments in ovarian tumors. Howerver, the objective of this study was to examine the correlation of ROMA index with pathological characteristics and the stage of disease in patients with ovarian cancer. The crossing describes study conducted in 34 patients with ovarian cancer at Hue Central Hospital during 31 months. Results showed that average age of ovarian cancer was 51.32 ± 12.51; 64.7% of cases were postmenopausal. Tumor size common was 5-10cm (50%). Ovarian serous carcinoma is the highest percentage (55.9%). Ovarian cancer is often detected at stage III (64.7%) according to the TNM and FIGO classification. The average concentration of CA125 and HE4 increases with stage of disease. ROMA had a sensitivity index higher among postmenopausal patients (95%). We conclude that ROMA index significantly correlated with stages of disease according to the FIGO (r=0,358; p<0,05) and TNM (r=0,345; p<0,05) classification, inversely correlated with histological grades and no correlation with tumor size in ovarian cancer. Key words: ovarian cancer, ROMA, histological grade, disease stage