Informal Markets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja P. Jakobi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Informal Market ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Many

Informal markets have often been conceived primarily as a problem in developing countries, while they are also a frequent element of developed economies and global economic exchange. This article analyzes informal markets from an International Political Economy (IPE) perspective, examining two substantially different understandings of informal markets and related research: From the first perspective, analyses focus on how informal markets relate to formal markets, how large the informal market is, and what kind of deviation exists between the formal and informal sector. The second perspective analyzes informal markets against the background of illegal markets and crime. In a first step, the article elaborates on the many varieties and definitions of informal markets. In a second step, the article details explanations for the rise of informal markets. Research typically analyzes the local and national level of informal markets, less so international and transnational linkages, and IPE can contribute to this research substantially. In a third step, the article discusses the methodological challenges linked to assessing the existence and size of informal markets, and the fourth section presents different policies on how informal markets are governed. The concluding section outlines areas for further IPE research on informal markets.

scholarly journals Food safety and nutrition.

2020 ◽  
pp. 338-365
Author(s):  
Delia Grace ◽  
Silvia Alonso ◽  
Bernard Bett ◽  
Johanna Lindahl ◽  
Ekta Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Informal Market ◽  
Major Development ◽  
To Come ◽  
National Training ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Oriented Approach

Abstract This book chapter focuses on a programme on improving human health through livestock research in three areas: (i) animal-source foods for nutrition; (ii) zoonoses (diseases transmitted between animals and people); and (iii) FBD. This was the first CGIAR group with an explicit food safety mandate (rather than focusing on specific hazards) and with expertise in using research methods for food safety rather than diseases in general. ILRI was also one of the first groups to focus on food safety in the 'informal markets' of developing countries, and by the 2010s, had become the lead research institute globally in this emerging area. ILRI research on FBD has resulted in many science outputs, including some genuinely innovative tools and approaches, and has already demonstrated outcomes at community, national and regional levels. These include substantial inputs into global, regional and national strategies and national training programmes. The major development-oriented approach - the triple-path for training, motivating and enabling of informal market agents - has been shown to be both scalable and sustainable. While questions remain about its lasting effects on food safety and its application outside those few countries where its success has been demonstrated, the next few years should bring further evidence about this, with benefits lasting for many decades to come.

Peter J. Montiel, Pierre-Richer Agenor, and Nadeem ul Haque. Informal Financial Markets in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Published in the "Advances in Theoretical and Applied Economics" series edited by Homa Motamen-Scobie. Oxford: Blackwell. 1992. i-xi + 212 pp., including appendices. Hardbound. £40.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-335
Author(s):  
Willem Van der Geest
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Financial Repression ◽  
Macroeconomic Analysis ◽  
Econometric Analyses

This volume reviews the nature and scope of informal financial markets in developing countries and elaborates on the theoretical and conceptual models which analyse 'financial repression' and other aspects of government intervention in financial markets. It also focuses on the consequences which the prevalence of informal financial markets in developing countries may have for monetary and exchange rate policy. In particular, it attempts to capture the functioning of informal, unregulated markets into macroeconomic models, working towards a general eqUilibrium model with informal financial markets. Two types of informal markets are analysed. The first are for informal lending at terms and conditions which differ greatly from those prevailing in the official banking system. The second are the 'parallel' markets for foreign exchange which tend to emerge in response to quantity restrictions on trade and administered allocation of foreign exchange to certain users at official rates, which are well below those on the parellel markets. The key question is whether these informal markets change the efficacy of monetary and credit policy-and, if they do, to what extent and in what direction? Two supporting appendices present econometric analyses of the efficiency of parallel currency markets and the degree of capital mobility in developing countries.

scholarly journals Innovative entrepreneurship in emerging and developing economies: the effects of entrepreneurial competancies and institutional voids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirmahmood Amini Sedeh ◽  
Amir Pezeshkan ◽  
Rosa Caiazza
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Institutional Voids ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Innovation Barriers ◽  
Entrepreneurial Competencies ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractInnovative entrepreneurship is one of the key drivers of economic development particularly for less developed economies where the economic growth is at the forefront of policymakers’ agenda. Yet, the research on how various factors at different levels interact and bring about innovative entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries remains relatively scarce. We address this issue by developing a multilevel framework that explains how entrepreneurial competencies attenuate the negative impact of innovation barriers. Our analysis on a sample of individuals from 24 economies, 17 developing and 7 emerging countries, reveals that entrepreneurial competencies become more instrumental for innovative entrepreneurship when general, supply-side, and demand-side innovation barriers are higher. The findings offer unique insights to policymakers particularly in developing countries interested in promoting innovative entrepreneurship and to entrepreneurs and investors seeking to establish and support innovative ventures.

Polyculture de tilapia et Clarias en etang dans la commune de Pobè, sud-est du Benin.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kochikpa Ondodje
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
National Level ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Modern Breeding

Abstract The SARL "Pobè Fish Farm" located in the South-East of Benin specializes in the production and sale of tilapia and Clarias. The farm has twenty two ponds of 200 m2 (10 m × 20 m) supplied with water by a pipe system from a natural and permanent stream. The water supply is via a concrete channel which did not allow the water to be renewed once the pond is full. Work has been carried out to allow a larger inflow of water and communication between the ponds. The operation of the farm is modeled on the types of agro-fish farms existing in Asia and encountered in Vietnam in particular; it aims to put theoretical knowledge into practice and on the other hand to contribute to the development of a sector still little known in Benin, despite the many hydroagricultural potentials with which this country is endowed. The species bred at national level are rustic and adapted to the environment and whose genetic performance has not been improved. In fact, only modern breeding following very precise technical standards can allow obtaining interesting results from the point of view of agronomic yield and financial profitability. Indeed, these fish from our ponds are very popular with the populations (the average wholesale price is 1000 FCFA/kg) and are already an integral part of eating habits both in rural areas and in cities.

scholarly journals Ensuring Sustainable Urban Transformation in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
B. Setiawan ◽  
Tri Mulyani Sunarharum
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Third World

Of the many important events that occurred in the two decades of the 21st century, the process of accelerating urbanization—especially in third-world countries—became something quite phenomenal. It's never even happened before. In the early 2000s, only about 45 percent of the population in the third world lived in urban areas, by 2020 the number had reached about 55 percent. Between now and 2035 the percentage of the population living in urban areas will reach about 85 percent in developed countries. Meanwhile, in developing countries will reach about 65 percent. By 2035, it is also projected that about 80 percent of the world's urban population will live in developing countries' cities.

scholarly journals Rethinking textile fashion: New Materiality, Smart Products, and Upcycling

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Ainamo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Manufacturing Operations ◽  
Smart Products ◽  
New Materialisms

Manufacturing operations in much of textile fashion have migrated from the developed economies to developing countries in search of cost economies. Consideration for the natural environment has been lost in the process due to lack of clarity what corporation or some other participant in what kind of an economy is most responsible.This paper is intended as a thought piece on how new materialisms offers an approach to bring back responsible concern for the natural environment in textile fashion and, perhaps, beyond.

scholarly journals Strategic Innovation, Knowledge Sharing and Policy Innovation Factors In E-Government in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-123
Author(s):  
Lupilya Emmanuel Constantine ◽  
Park J Hun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Strategic Innovation ◽  
Research Alliance ◽  
Innovation Knowledge

The existing gap from strategic innovation in e-government knowledge creation has affected the effort to timely develop e-government policy in Tanzania. This paper is an attempt to describe multiple innovations outside the Tanzania that involve developing country collaboration, institutional innovation and resources and their linkages to national e-government-think tank. The central argument of this paper is to find factors for enhancing the development of national e-government policy innovation outside Tanzania. We developed national e-government policy framework to orchestrate local innovation and forge ahead of the e-government policy innovation. To do so, we developed and administered a set of the questionnaire from government and private institutions, entrepreneurship and social network group. Data collections were conducted from July 15 to September 20, 2015. The exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 22 was employed to analyze data for strategic innovation, knowledge sharing, and e-government policy innovation. Four critical factors were identified as the key driver to the success of national e-government policy innovation: Coordinate knowledge sharing on e-government policies in the nation and international institutions; empower and coordinate e-government-think tank forum locally and nationally; create a technoculture society at local and national level; and Support e-government research alliance & engagement respectively. In additional, three developing countries were used as a reference model to support these findings. Our conclusion shows how national e-government-think tank and research alliance can become a strategic innovation in e-government towards coordinating knowledge sharing within private and government institutions. This can represent as "valuable and intellectual assets" for government institutions' stability and change towards national e-government policy innovation process.

scholarly journals Horticulture Scenario in Tamilnadu: Progress and Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
K Kesavalu ◽  
R Asokan ◽  
A Abdul Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Plantation Crops

Horticulture is now acknowledged as being a vital driver for economic development, poverty reduction and enhanced nutrition for populations in developing countries. Tamil Nadu is one of the foremost horticulture States in India, contributing 7.7 percent to the national horticultural production with 5.7 percent of the national level area. The horticultural crops contain the remarkable potential for export earnings within the State. Cardamom and pepper are important species of Tamil Nadu; Plantation crops of Tamil Nadu are coffee and tea, and that they are traditionally exporting products. Flowers have small areas in Tamil Nadu, but the price of production per hectare is substantial. Palmarosa and indigo are cultivated in negligibly small rooms, mostly for export. Therefore, this paper examines the progress, problems and constraints of the horticulture scenario in Tamilnadu.

scholarly journals POST DISASTER WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CASE OF SRI LANKA

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayani Karunasena ◽  
Dilanthi Amaratunga ◽  
Richard Haigh ◽  
Irene Lill
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
Post Disaster

Disasters cause substantial damage around the world. This causes serious environmental and economic burden on normal living conditions, reconstruction and general waste collection processes. Within this context, waste management has emerged as a critical issue in responding to a disaster. Thus, this paper addresses post disaster waste management strategies adopted in developing countries and applicability of best global practices in respect of challenges encountered. Comprehensive literature review and field survey among national level institutes in Sri Lanka were conducted to gather information and semi‐structured interviews were used as a method of data collection. The findings revealed that strategies, issues and challenges are varying according to type of disaster, magnitude, location, country etc. Further, poor implementation of prevailing rules and regulations; poor standards of local expertise and capacities, inadequate funds, lack of communication and coordination are identified as key issues encountered. Santruka Stichines nelaimes visame pasaulyje pridaro daug žalos. Tai labai pasunkina aplinkosaugine ir ekonomine situacija iprastomis gyvenimo salygomis, atstatant aplinka ir vykdant bendruosius atlieku rinkimo procesus. Šiame kontekste atlieku tvarkymas išryškejo kaip esmine problema, reaguojant i stichine nelaime. Taigi šiame darbe nagrinejamos atlieku tvarkymo po stichiniu nelaimiu strategijos, taikomos besivystančiose šalyse, ir geriausiu pasauliniu praktiku taikymas, imantis kilusiu iššūkiu. Siekiant surinkti informacija, išsamiai apžvelgta literatūra ir tiesiogiai ištirtos Šri Lankos valstybines institucijos, o duomenims rinkti pasitelktas pusiau struktūriniu interviu metodas. Iš rezultatu aišku, kad strategijos, problemos ir iššūkiai skiriasi priklausomai nuo stichines nelaimes pobūdžio, masto, vietos, valstybes ir pan. Be to, nustatyta, kad pagrindines problemos yra prastas visuotiniu taisykliu ir reglamentu taikymas, prasti vietines patirties standartai ir menkos galimybes, lešu trūkumas, komunikacijos ir koordinavimo trūkumas.

Youth welfare work

2018 ◽  
pp. 180-216
Author(s):  
Carole Holohan
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Welfare Work ◽  
Youth Welfare ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
International Strategies

Chapter five focuses on the development of youth welfare work, in particular the youth club, as a response to concerns that young people were not using their leisure time appropriately. Fred Powell, Martin Geoghegan, Margaret Scanlon and Katharina Swirak highlight how an international volunteer boom in the 1960s, and in the field of youth work in particular, in part reflected changing attitudes to youth and concerns about what seemed a disaffected generation. This chapter assesses developments in youth work at a local and national level, highlighting the impact of international strategies in this field and the tensions between the many players in the Irish scene. It attests to the ways in which external frameworks, emanating from supranational bodies such as the Council of Europe and the United Nations, reframed understandings of youth in the adult imagination and influenced how youth was perceived by voluntary and statutory organisations. It also highlights the ways in which some international ideas and models were embraced but others challenged the status quo, and therefore faced resistance.

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