Design of a Modified-Bridge Circuit with a Master-Slave Input Supply Mechanism for Ozone-Driven System Applications

This study proposes a design of a modified-bridge circuit with a master–slave input supply mechanism for ozone-driven system applications. Because the single-source supply design is becoming the mainstream choice in the existing ozone-driven systems, the input supply reliability of the ozone-driven system is crucial. Therefore, this proposed design involves a modified-bridge circuit combined with inductors and transistors, which can be augmented with the energy storage device as a backup source to improve the reliability of the input supply for the ozone-driven system. In addition, considering that the original source directly connected to DC BUS can re-charge the energy storage device, the energy recycling operation mode is designed in this proposed system to extend the duration of the energy storage device, which improves the supply reliability of the ozone-driven system further. To validate this proposed system, both model formulation and hardware realization are assessed through different test scenarios. Experimental outcomes of these tests confirm the practicality of the proposed design.

From Adjustment to Apportionment in the Goods and Services Tax Act: A Comparative Analysis of the Change-In-Use Rules in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand

<p>All countries that have adopted Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Value Added Tax (VAT) employ a ‘change-in-use’ mechanism to distinguish consumption from the stages of production and distribution. New Zealand’s former change-in-use rules were unique. Unlike the ‘use’ based apportionment approaches employed in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, New Zealand employed an adjustment approach that utilised a ‘principal purpose’ test and deemed supply mechanism. While Canada has also employed an adjustment approach for capital property, the New Zealand rules have operated differently to those in Canada. In response to criticism for being overly complex and confusing, the New Zealand change-in-use rules will adopt a new ‘use’ based apportionment approach, together with a new mechanism to constrain the number of adjustments, from 1 April 2011 for a number of taxpayers. Applying criteria identified by the Tax Working Group the performance of New Zealand’s change-in-use rules are examined, in comparison to those applied in Australia and Canada. In addition, the comparative readability of the change-in-use provisions in all three jurisdictions is examined. The paper concludes that New Zealand should adopt an apportionment approach and that the Goods and Services Tax Act should be rewritten for improved readability.</p>

From Adjustment to Apportionment in the Goods and Services Tax Act: A Comparative Analysis of the Change-In-Use Rules in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand

<p>All countries that have adopted Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Value Added Tax (VAT) employ a ‘change-in-use’ mechanism to distinguish consumption from the stages of production and distribution. New Zealand’s former change-in-use rules were unique. Unlike the ‘use’ based apportionment approaches employed in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, New Zealand employed an adjustment approach that utilised a ‘principal purpose’ test and deemed supply mechanism. While Canada has also employed an adjustment approach for capital property, the New Zealand rules have operated differently to those in Canada. In response to criticism for being overly complex and confusing, the New Zealand change-in-use rules will adopt a new ‘use’ based apportionment approach, together with a new mechanism to constrain the number of adjustments, from 1 April 2011 for a number of taxpayers. Applying criteria identified by the Tax Working Group the performance of New Zealand’s change-in-use rules are examined, in comparison to those applied in Australia and Canada. In addition, the comparative readability of the change-in-use provisions in all three jurisdictions is examined. The paper concludes that New Zealand should adopt an apportionment approach and that the Goods and Services Tax Act should be rewritten for improved readability.</p>

ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT PROVIDING PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE UNDER THE NEW EMPLOYMENT PATTERN

Employment is the largest livelihood of more than 1.3 billion people and the most basic support for economic development. The Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council insist on giving priority to employment in economic and social development, encourage the creation of a favorable environment for mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and maintain overall stability in China's employment situation, coupled with the new employment model of de-employerization and platformization along with the technological progress of the Internet and the upgrading of mass consumption. However, we should also see that there are still many difficulties and problems in the current economic and social development, the new employment form breaks the old industry and legal order under the interest relationship and management norms, the traditional employment groups, management means, labor law system, employment service management, social security policies and so on to form an impact. In order to alleviate the current situation, our country should actively explore the innovative mechanism of the government to provide public services to promote employment, and the author also puts forward some suggestions from the following aspects through his own research: first, to establish the diversified public employment service supply mechanism which is government-led, market and social supplement; from the above aspects, the quality and efficiency of the supply of public employment services under the new industry are improved from the above aspects.

Subsurface iron accumulation and rapid aluminium removal in the Mediterranean following African dust deposition

Mineral dust deposition is an important supply mechanism for trace elements in the low-latitude ocean. Our understanding of the controls of such inputs has been mostly built onto laboratory and surface ocean studies. The lack of direct observations and the tendency to focus on near surface waters prevent a comprehensive evaluation of the role of dust in oceanic biogeochemical cycles. In the frame of the PEACETIME project (ProcEss studies at the Air-sEa Interface after dust deposition in the MEditerranean sea), the responses of the aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) cycles to two dust wet deposition events over the central and western Mediterranean Sea were investigated at a timescale of hours to days using a comprehensive dataset gathering dissolved and suspended particulate concentrations, along with sinking fluxes. Dissolved Al (dAl) removal was dominant over dAl released from dust. Fe / Al ratio of suspended and sinking particles revealed that biogenic particles, and in particular diatoms, were key in accumulating and exporting Al relative to Fe. By combining these observations with published Al / Si ratios of diatoms, we show that adsorption onto biogenic particles, rather than active uptake, represents the main sink for dAl in Mediterranean waters. In contrast, systematic dissolved Fe (dFe) accumulation occurred in subsurface waters (~100–1000 m), while dFe input from dust was only transient in the surface mixed-layer. The rapid transfer of dust to depth (up to ~180 m d−1), the Fe-binding ligand pool in excess to dFe in subsurface (while nearly-saturated in surface), and low scavenging rates in this particle-poor depth horizon are all important drivers of this subsurface dFe enrichment. At the annual scale, this previously overlooked mechanism may represent an additional pathway of dFe supply for the surface ocean through diapycnal diffusion and vertical mixing. However, low subsurface dFe concentrations observed at the basin scale (< 0.5 nmol kg−1) questions the residence time for this dust-derived subsurface reservoir, and hence its role as a supply mechanism for the surface ocean, stressing the need for further studies. Finally, these contrasting responses indicate that dAl is a poor tracer of dFe input in the Mediterranean Sea.

Research on innovation of public service supply mechanism from the perspective of social cooperative governance based on improved genetic algorithms using fuzzy TOPSIS

With the deepening of reform and opening up, the social management function of county government is becoming more and more important. As one of the symbols of the maturity of modern country, public service function is not only a test of the comprehensive ability of the country, but also a profound practice of serving the people. Aiming at the problem that traditional genetic algorithm is easy to fall into local optimal solution and its performance is unstable, an adaptive genetic algorithm (CEAGA) based on co-evolution is proposed. And then combined with some of the constraints inherent in the battlefield situation, a comprehensive evaluation model was established. The analysis on social cooperative governance is carried based on the fuzzy TOPSIS which is utilised for making multi criteria decision making situations. Research shows that the innovation of the public service supply mechanism must respect the reality of China’s political ecology, ensure the government’s dominant position in the governance of public affairs, and at the same time correctly respond to the development of social forces. The theory of collaborative governance also provides a new research perspective for the innovation and development of public service mechanisms.

Working Speed Analysis of the Gear-Driven Dibbling Mechanism of a 2.6 kW Walking-Type Automatic Pepper Transplanter

The development of an automatic walking-type pepper transplanter could be effective in improving the mechanization rate in pepper cultivation, where the dibbling mechanism plays a vital role and determines planting performance and efficiency. The objective of this research was to determine a suitable working speed for a gear-driven dibbling mechanism appropriate for a pepper transplanter, while considering agronomic transplanting requirements. The proposed dibbling mechanism consisted of two dibbling hoppers that simultaneously collected free-falling seedlings from the supply mechanism and dibbled them into soil. To enable the smooth collection and plantation of pepper seedlings, analysis was carried out via a mathematical working trajectory model of the dibbling mechanism, virtual prototype simulation, and validation tests, using a physical prototype. In the mathematical model analysis and simulation, a 300 mm/s forward speed of the transplanter and a 60 rpm rotational speed of the dibbling mechanism were preferable in terms of seedling uprightness and low mulch film damage. During the field test, transplanting was conducted at a 40 mm planting depth, using different forward speed levels. Seedlings were freely supplied to the hopper from a distance of 80 mm, and the success rate for deposition was 96.79%. A forward speed of 300 mm/s with transplanting speed of 120 seedlings/min was preferable in terms of achieving a high degree of seedling uprightness (90 ± 3.26), a low rate of misplanting (8.19%), a low damage area on mulch film (2341.95 ± 2.89 mm2), high uniformity of planting depth (39.74 ± 0.48 mm), and low power consumption (40.91 ± 0.97 W).

TVET Programs in Nepal: Issue of Access and Relevancy

Equitable access of market relevant TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) programs is the first and foremost pre-condition to get the desired outcomes from TVET. The access and relevancy of TVET programs in Nepal are usually questionable. The major objectives of this paper is to analyze the access and relevancy of presently available long term TVET programs and identify its gap with the market demand. The analytical approach adopted for this paper is mainly quantitative and is based on the analysis of micro data of TVET institutes affiliated with Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) and Central for Education and Human Resource Development (CEHRD) with corresponding information of their location, programs and enrolment capacity. Likewise, review of various other literatures including, journal articles, workshops proceedings, research reports etc. are also taken into reference. Significant variation is found between the ratio of district level enrolment capacity of long-term TVET programs to corresponding number of SEE graduates of the districts which raises question on the equitable access of TVET programs in terms of geography. Based on the analysis made in this paper, health related programs are justified as over accessed programs whereas a clear gap can be observed in the supply mechanism of TVET regarding tourism and agriculture sector. Attention is therefore needed to promote TVET programs in agriculture and tourism related sectors both in quality and quantity in order to mitigate existing mismatch between demand and supply.

Access to medicines in Turkey: Evaluation of the process of medicines brought from abroad

ObjectiveTurkey's health reforms started in 2003 with providing changes in regulatory, financing, and healthcare services. Access to health care and pharmaceuticals increased rapidly, and this resulted with an increase in public pharmaceutical expenditures. Our study aims to quantify and to evaluate the impact of a specific process within the Turkish system called “Medicines Brought From Abroad" (MBFA).MethodsWe reviewed the general reimbursement legislations of Social Security Institution (SSI), the guideline on MBFA, the SSI reimbursement list, the list of MBFA published by the Ministry of Health to describe the current supply mechanism of medicines and, in particular, the role of MBFA.ResultsTotal costs of the of MBFA medicines over the period 2011–17 went up to more than $520 million, which takes 7.5 percent of total public pharmaceutical expenditure for 2017. Our results showed that MBFA provides access to many orphan drugs and in total, forty-two orphan drugs listed in MBFA accounted for 83 percent of all MBFA budget in the year 2017. Nine of the top ten MBFA medicines were orphan drugs and total costs were $408 million. The highest budget impact was for eculizumab for “paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria” (PNH), covering 31 percent of total MBFA costs and 2.3 percent of overall drug costs in 2017.ConclusionsTurkey faced significant challenges for creating an access pathway for innovative medicines while continuing the sustainability of the public pharmaceutical budget like many other countries. Therefore, it may be argued that Turkey needs to create an independent health technology assessment organization to provide sustainable access to medicines in the future.