Establishment and Application of Hospital BIM Based on Point Cloud and Image Fusion for Infectious Disease (Novel Corona Virus Pneumonia)

Since neither a single high-precision 3D coordinate laser point cloud nor a oblique image of high-precision spectral information can make the computer understand the data as human, in order to accurately and completely understand the object in the real world, in this paper, the fusion of the point cloud and the oblique image is studied for the understanding and application of the real object buildings by establishing a BIM model. Firstly, point cloud data and image data are acquired by different data acquisition methods. Laser point cloud and oblique image are fused by installation parameters so that geometric elements are consistent and benchmark is unified. Processing level is not limited to element level only, so as to ensure the integrity of information, and the fused mutual information remains consistent in scale, texture and direction. Secondly, under the condition of space-time synchronization, the relationship between point cloud and image in geometric space is established, and the alternating "energy transfer" is used for shape prediction and visual filling by matching under texture mapping constraints to enhance the semantic information of the 3D scene. Finally, a 3D building information model is established. Using the experimental results to track the whole life cycle (design, construction, operation) in real time saves the cost of building rework, reduces the building cycle, and improves the building accuracy. Especially based on BIM during Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia: analyze hospital space resource management and elastic function; construct medical unit model of infectious disease hospital; simulate and optimize medical process in infectious disease hospital; rapidly construct prefabricated infectious disease emergency hospital; simulate hospital infection path and dynamics; the auxiliary design and construction of infectious disease treatment in existing hospitals; The monitoring analysis and automatic control of hospital infection safety operation.

Clinical Mortality Review of COVID-19 Patients at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Nepal; A Retrospective Study

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged the health system worldwide, including the low and middle income countries like Nepal. In view of the rising number of infections and prediction of multiple waves of this disease, mortalities due to COVID-19 need to be critically analyzed so that every possible effort could be made to prevent COVID-19 related mortalities in future. Main aim of this research was to study about the mortalities due to COVID-19 at a tertiary level hospital, in Nepal. This was a retrospective, observational study that included all inpatients from Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, who were reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction positive for SARS-COV-2 and died during hospital stay from January 2020 till January 2021. Medical records of the patients were evaluated. Out of 860 total admissions in a year, there were 50 mortalities in the study center. Out of 50 mortalities, majority were males (76%) with male to female ratio of 3.17:1. Most were above 65 years of age (72%) and had two or more comorbidities (64%). The most common comorbidities among the patients who had died during hospital stay were hypertension (58%) followed by diabetes mellitus (50%) and chronic obstructive airway disease (24%). The median duration from the symptom onset to death was 18 days, ranged from the minimum of 2 days till maximum of 39 days. D-dimer was found to be >1 mg/L in 58% cases and ferritin was >500 ng/ml in 42% patients at presentation. A total of 42% patients had thrombocytopenia, 80% patients had lymphocytopenia and 60% had Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio >11.75 with the mean NLR of 18.38. Of total mortalities, 16% patients also showed microbiological evidence of secondary infection; Male gender, age more than 65 years, multiple comorbidities with lymphocytopenia, elevated Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and elevated inflammatory markers were risk factors found in majority of mortalities in our study. These findings could be utilized for early triage and risk assessment in COVID-19 patients so that aggressive treatment strategies could be employed at the earliest to reduce mortalities due to COVID-19 in future.

First experience of using favipiravir in the first healthcare worker patient with moderate case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) at Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia: a case report

Background: During the early period of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, there was no approved and definitive drug available for the treatment of COVID-19. Favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine was used for re-purposing drugs while their efficacy and safety remained a major concern for healthcare workers. Clinical trial to assess efficacy and safety were ongoing. Case presentation: We present here the case of a 38-year-old woman, the first case of a healthcare worker diagnosed with COVID-19 who had moderate type, including first experience treatment with favipiravir in Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. We present the clinical characteristics, chest X-ray, clinical laboratory profiles, the treatment process with favipiravir and hydroxychloroquine as well as the clinical outcome of moderate type COVID-19 patient. Conclusion: This case highlights that considering the use of emergency intervention outside of clinical trial in the COVID-19 population, the informed patient consent has been given and the use of emergency intervention was monitored. Keywords: COVID-19, favipiravir, medical worker, case report, Jakarta Abstrak Latar belakang: Periode awal pandemi Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belum terdapat obat yang disetujui dan pasti tersedia untuk pengobatan COVID-19. Favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine digunakan sebagai obat dengan indikasi baru yang sementara efektifitas dan keamanannya menjadi perhatian para petugas medis. Penyajian kasus: Disini kami melaporkan kasus wanita umur 38 tahun, merupakan kasus pertama seorang tenaga kesehatan Rumah Sakit terdiagnosis Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dengan penggunaan terapi favipiravir untuk pertama kalinya di Rumah Sakit Pusat Infeksi Sulianti Saroso, Jakarta, Indonesia. Berikut ini kami gambarkan karakteristik klinis, hasil foto thorak, profil laboratorium dan proses terapi menggunakan favipiravir and hidroxychloroquine serta hasil akhir pada kasus COVID-19 derajat sedang. Kesimpulan: Kasus ini menggaribawahi bahwa pertimbangan penggunaan kegawatdaruratan obat antivirus diluar uji klinis pada populasi pasien COVID-19, pasien telah memberikan persetujuan dan penggunaan obat-obat tersebut dimonitor. Kata kunci: Covid-19, favipiravir, tenaga kesehatan, laporan kasus, Jakarta

Abnormal Coagulation Function of Patients With COVID-19 Is Significantly Related to Hypocalcemia and Severe Inflammation

This study aimed to detect, analyze, and correlate the clinical characteristics, blood coagulation functions, blood calcium levels, and inflammatory factors in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 infections. The enrolled COVID-19 infected patients were from Wuhan Jin Yin-tan Hospital (17 cases, Wuhan, China), Suzhou Infectious Disease Hospital (87 cases, Suzhou, China), and Xuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital (14 cases, Xuzhou, China). After admission, basic information was collected; X-ray and chest CT images were obtained; and data from routine blood tests, liver and kidney function, myocardial enzymes, electrolytes, blood coagulation function, (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, procalcitonin (PCT), calcitonin, and other laboratory tests were obtained. The patients were grouped according to the clinical classification method based on the pneumonia diagnosis and treatment plan for new coronavirus infection (trial version 7) in China. The measurements from mild (56 cases) and severe cases (51 cases) were compared and analyzed. Most COVID-19 patients presented with fever. Chest X-ray and CT images showed multiple patchy and ground glass opacities in the lungs of COVID 19 infected patients, especially in patients with severe cases. Compared with patients with mild infection, patients with severe infection were older (p = 0.023) and had a significant increase in AST and BUN. The levels of CK, LDH, CK-MB, proBNP, and Myo in patients with severe COVID-19 infection were also increased significantly compared to those in patients with mild cases. Patients with severe COVID-19 infections presented coagulation dysfunction and increased D-dimer and fibrin degradation product (FDP) levels. Severe COVID-19 patients had low serum calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations and high calcitonin and PCT levels and exhibited serious systemic inflammation. Ca2+ in COVID-19 patients was significantly negatively correlated with PCT, calcitonin, D-dimer, PFDP, ESR, CRP and IL-6. D-dimer in COVID-19 patients was a significantly positively correlated with CRP and IL-6. In conclusion, patients with severe COVID-19 infection presented significant metabolic dysfunction and abnormal blood coagulation, a sharp increase in inflammatory factors and calcitonin and procalcitonin levels, and a significant decrease in Ca2+. Decreased Ca2+ and coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19 patients were significantly correlated with each other and with inflammatory factors.

High Resistance of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in Blood and Stool Cultures from the Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015−2019

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global concern, particularly in Southeast Asian countries like Nepal. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. among culture-positive bacterial isolates in blood and stool samples from 2015 to 2019 and their AMR pattern. Routinely collected data were abstracted from medical records and laboratory electronic databases of the Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH), Kathmandu, Nepal. All culture-positive bacterial isolates from blood and stool samples were included in the study. Among 390 blood cultures positive for bacterial isolates, Salmonella spp. were isolated in 44%, with S. Typhi being the most frequent (34%). Antibiotic resistance was demonstrated among Salmonella spp. to ciprofloxacin (68%), ofloxacin (16%), amoxicillin (13%) and cotrimoxazole (5%). Of the 357 stool cultures positive for bacterial isolates, the proportion of Shigella spp. isolated was 31%. Antibiotic resistance among Shigella spp. was demonstrated to cotrimoxazole (59%), tetracycline (40%), amoxicillin (38%) and ciprofloxacin (25%). Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were the most predominant organisms among all the bacterial isolates in blood and stool cultures, respectively. Nalidixic acid was the antibiotic to which both Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were most resistant.

Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Inpatients with COVID-19 in Henan Province, China: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Rationale: Our pilot study suggested that coexisting cerebrovascular diseases on admission with respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths per min, and LDH greater than 245U/L may be risk factors for death among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Henan province, China. Whether these risk factors are associated with severe illness in inpatiente with COVID-19 is yet unclear.Background: To explore risk factors associated with severe cases in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Henan province, ChinaMethods: This study was a multicenter retrospective cohort study. A total of 112 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Anyang Infectious Disease Hospital from February 3 to March 31, 2020. These patients were confirmed by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data, imaging changes, and definite severity typing of illness (severe cases or non-severe cases) were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between severe cases and non-severe cases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital severe cases.Results: A total of 104 patients (55 from Henan Provincial People's Hospital and 57 from Anyang Infectious Disease Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 62 (59.6%) were non-severe cases and 42 (40.4%) were severe cases. Multivariate regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital severe cases associated with age ³65 years (odds ratio 6.535 [95% CI, 1.365-31.295]; p=0.019), coexisting diabetes (11.165 [1.142-109.172], p=0.038), cough (17.494 [2.971-102.995]; p=0.002), increased procalcitonin (0.05-0.25ng/L) (9.640 [2.162-42.982]; p=0.003) and LDH greater than 245U/L (11.040 [2.661-45.808]; p=0.001) on admission.Conclusions: Age ³65 years, coexisting diabetes, cough, increased PCT, and LDH greater than 245U/L on admission may be risk factors for severe cases among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Henan Province, China.

The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The quality of healthcare service websites gains particular importance in the time of the pandemic, asthe popularity of electronic services grows. This applies to infectious disease hospitals as well, often on the front line of the effort against COVID-19. The paper aims to assess the quality of infectious disease hospital websites in Poland in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research covered 91 websites. The first stage was an analysis of selected technical attributes of the websites (including website performance, SEO quality, website availability, and mobile-friendliness) with selected online tools, such as Google PageSpeed Insights, Blink Audit Tool, Backlink Checker, andwebsite accessibility evaluation tool (WAVE). The data were then analyzed with statistical methods. The next step was to analyze the content of the websites. The research has shown that most of the websites were of satisfactory quality, apart from those that were not mobile-ready. The following keywords were found most often on the hospital websites: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, smear, specialist care clinic, isolation, telephone consultations, sample collection center, support, coronavirus, recommendations, patient registration, signs of disease. The research suggests that the quality of infectious disease hospital websites in Poland is significantly diversified in search engine optimization, mobile-friendliness, and needs of people at risk of digital exclusion.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Health Care Workers of a Tertiary Care Infectious Disease Hospital in Nepal

Objectives: Acquisition of mecA gene in infectious strains of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are considered as one of the potential virulence factors that enables the host bacteria to carry out several nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA, their antibiogram and mecA gene in the bacterial isolates obtained from the asymptomatic healthcare workers (HCWs) working in Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH), Kathmandu Nepal. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study involved the collection of nasal and hands swab of 125 randomly selected HCWs from December 2019 to February 2020. Conventional microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed by using cefoxitin disc. Detection of mecA gene in the chromosome which was extracted by Phenol: Chloroform: isoamyl alcohol DNA extraction method, amplified by using PCR and visualized by running agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The overall and MRSA carriage rate among the HCWs was found to be 28% (35/125) and 10.4% (13/125) respectively. S. aureus carriage rate was highest among sanitation staffs (34.2%) followed by pharmacy staffs (33.3%), laboratory personnel (18.8%), doctors (9.1%) and nurses (7.5%). Similarly, 34.2% (13/38) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin, 31.6% (12/38) were inducible-clindamycin resistant and 63.2% (24/38) of them were multi-drug resistant (MDR). All the 13 MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene. Conclusions: Carriage rate of MRSA among HCWs was high and alarming, indicating the prompt need of intervention measures to curb the growth and spread of resistant isolates in the hospital settings. Effective surveillance (of infectious diseases) and establishment of advanced diagnostic facilities can assist in estimating the actual burden of the MRSA which in turn helps to formulate and implement the appropriate policies and infection-control programs to address the increasing antimicrobial resistance in the country.