Reflections on Russophobia in Britain in the First Half of the XIX Century

This article explores some of the most important aspects of the beginnings and early development of Russophobia in Britain. In the first half of the 19th century public opinion started to shift from Francophobia to Anti-Russian sentiment. The reasons for this were political and cultural. Britons were afraid of the Russian expansionism and felt contempt for the Russians as being less civilized than other European nations. A great impact on the British perception of Russia made Emperor Nicholas I and his conservative and despotic policies. Thus, the period between the Vienna Congress of 1815 and the outbreak of the Crimean War was marked by increasing Russophobia, that shaped the political view of the British people.

Our Board, Our Rules: Nonconformity to Global Corporate Governance Norms

What drives organizational nonconformity to global corporate governance norms? Despite the prevalence of such norms and attendant conformity pressures, many firms do not adhere to them. We build on a political view of corporate governance to explore how different national institutional contexts and organizational conditions combine to produce over- and underconformity to global board independence norms. Using configurational analyses and data from banks in OECD countries, we identify multiple equifinal combinations of conditions associated with over- and underconformity. We also find that over- and underconformity have different drivers. We conjecture that while overconformity is associated with a shareholder–management coalition in liberal market economies, underconformity results from multiple complex combinations of national and organizational conditions that often include dominant blockholders, strong labor rights, and small organizational size. We leverage these findings to abduct theoretical insights on nonconformity to global corporate governance norms. Doing so sheds light on the role of power in conditioning the adoption of global practices and contributes to research on international corporate governance by informing discourse surrounding the globalization of markets.

Political Theory and the Bourgeois Public Sphere

Arguing that political theory is an irremediably Western and liberal enterprise, this chapter shows that it is a discipline that does not seek to accurately represent and explain an object, but is rather knowledge “for,” performance rather than representation. The discipline is directed toward the public sphere, imagined as a realm of individuals possessed of their own “values” who, however, inhabit a common world and engage in rational, critical debate about that which they hold in common. It thus “performs” the liberal conviction that differing moral and political viewpoints being ineliminable, they must contend with each other in rational argument in a public sphere not itself marked by a commitment to any moral or political view. Recognizing the parochialism and Eurocentrism of these presumptions, some scholars have recently attempted to “deprovincialize” political theory by extending its geographical and cultural remit through “comparative political theory.” The chapter evaluates the success and shortcomings of these endeavors.

Isaac Goldberg’s Political View of the Idea of a Constituent Assembly

The paper has presented social and political scene in Siberia in the early XX century in the context of social and political movements’ activities. Democratic principles of building a sustainable administration through establishing a Constituent Assembly were the key idea of the activities. I. G. Goldberg was a key player representing Siberian democracy in the paper. Goldberg’s activity has been viewed both as a Siberian Socialist Revolutionary Party’s member, and a social activist. The author highlighted some key issues related to advancing the idea of establishing a Constituent Assembly and internal political struggle resulting from fruitful activity of Goldberg and socialist revolutionaries in Siberia. Peaceful and constructive opposition to the Civil War, Bolshevism’s and Kolchak’s dictatorship, and statelessness were at center stage.

El Turismo en el Espacio Andino: Colonialismo, Simulacro y Memoria.

The Andean world is underexploited for tourism due to both the lack of infrastructure and the lack of its development as a product. Still, tourism exists and is, in some places, overwhelming. As such, it establishes itself in a double market game: 1) it offers hotel infrastructures and tours that are clearly a product for foreign tourists, and 2) it recreates a whole discourse on heritage. The Andean tourism market has three self-contained aspects, which address 1) the indigenous world, either the historical or the present, although without confusing them or making a connection between them, 2) the colonial world, and 3) a high quality natural environment. This work, based on a critical decolonial view and ethnography developed from field work, analyzes the game between discourse and social practice from the point of view of both visitors and locals, thereby recreating some of its paradoxes and contradictions. This analysis, obviously from a decolonial and political view, attempts to recover the epistemology of the south.

nr="27"Policy Context and Policy Creation: Migration and Translation Policy in Australia

The paper engages the theme “Migration, multilingualism and T&I policies”. It provides a reflection on the concept of translation policy viewed through the lens of migration. This reflection emanates from research carried out on the policy context in the creation of the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters in Australia. Current writing on translation policy (Gonzalez Nuñez and Meylaerts 2017, as a recent example) has tended to expand the coverage of this concept to embrace a number of aspects consistent with a socio-political view of the place of translation and translation policy, the latter seen as a precursor or a consequence of the former. The paper explores the dependency of policy on the context in which it is framed and considers the need for a more specific approach to the examination of the nature of translation policy as it not only relates to the rules, agency and practices but more importantly to the values inherent in particular instances or systems of translational communication. The paper utilizes examples derived mainly from the Australian context and will argue that the terminology itself used in the elaboration and implementation of translation policy requires considerable refinement before it can be applied to different temporal and cultural contexts. One example of this phenomenon is the concept of ‘minority’ or ‘minorities’ which is not used in Australia in this context and is, in turn, a reflection of the values ascribed to a consideration of either migrant groups or allophone groups within a society. The paper argues for clearer distinctions between policies about permitting or mandating translation and policies which impinge upon the conduct of translation since the source of authority and therefore policy-making, resides with different actors.

Беларуская мова ў тэкстах XVIII стагоддзя (погляды на праблему лексічнай пераемнасці)

The period of the middle of the ХVIII century is considered a break in the development of the Belarusian culture, language and literature. The historical, cultural and literary processes in Belarus in the middle of the ХVIII century, the state of the Belarusian language and the peculiarity of the works of Belarusian literature, the peculiarities of the confessional situation are evaluated differently by domestic scientists, writers, and publicists of the first half of the twentieth century. The researchers analyze the Belarusian-language confessional texts of the middle of the ХVIII century and Belarusian-language worship and assert the use of the Belarusian language, although not always frequent, in the then national script, which casts doubt on the thesis of a break in the development between the periods of the old Belarusian language and the new Belarusian literary language. The bias and subjectivity in the interpretation of historical facts on the part of some researchers is explained by the political beliefs of the scientists, their commitment to a specific political view of the historical process in the country and its future fate.