material cycle
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2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Benjamin Megevand ◽  
Wen-Jun Cao ◽  
Francesco Di Maio ◽  
Peter Rem

This paper aims to summarize, propose, and discuss existing or emerging strategies to shift towards a circular economy of materials. To clarify the landscape of existing circular practices, a new spectrum is proposed, from product-based strategies, where entire products go through several life cycles without being reprocessed, to material-based approaches, extracting, recycling, and reprocessing materials from the waste flow. As refillable packaging does not lose any functionality or value, when re-used through many life cycles, product-based strategies are globally extremely efficient and must be promoted. It appears however that their implementation is only possible at the scale of individual products such as packaging containers, relying on the cooperation of involved companies and consumers. It appears more and more urgent to focus as well on a more systematic and flexible material-oriented scheme. The example of circular glass recycling is a success in many countries, and technologies become nowadays available to extend such practices to many other materials, such as rigid plastics. An ideal would be to aim at an economy of materials that would imitate the continuous material cycle of the biosphere. Technological and business strategies are presented and discussed, aiming at a relevant impact on circularity.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Xin’an Yin ◽  
Xufeng Mao ◽  
Jianguo Zhou ◽  
Zhengjian Yang

In the context of climate change and human disturbance, the hydrological and environmental processes in aquatic ecosystems have undergone significant changes, which could affect the material cycle and energy conversion processes required by aquatic organisms to maintain life [...]


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wierzbicka ◽  
Małgorzata Domino ◽  
Romuald Zabielski ◽  
Zdzisław Gajewski

The reticulum and rumen are considered a single functional unit (the reticulo-rumen) with regards to myoelectrical and contractile activities. The specialized contractions of the reticulo-rumen provide constant mixing of partially digested material (cycle A), its flow into the omasum during eructation (cycle B), and regurgitation-rumination (cycle C). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of electromyography (EMG) registered by a long-term telemetry method for assessment of the basic reticulo-rumen myoelectrical activity in sheep, to develop the effective recognition of the reticulo-rumen cycles at rest with no food stimulation, and to investigate the relationship between cycles A, B, and C in such basic conditions. The experiment was carried out on nine ewes. Myoelectric activity of the rumen, reticulum, and abomasum was recorded by the combination of three silver bipolar electrodes and a 3-channel transmitter implant. The myoelectrical activity registered successfully in the reticulum and rumen was determined as three characteristic patterns of cycles A, B, and C. The percentage of each type of cycle changed at different intervals from equally cycles A (43–50%) and B (50–56%), occurring when cycle C was not observed to the domination of cycle C (57–73%) with a decrease of cycles A (6–14%) and B (20–28%). The long-term EMG telemetry registration is feasible in the assessment of the reticulo-rumen myoelectrical activity in sheep.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Pegah Zahedifar ◽  
Lukasz Pazdur ◽  
Christophe M.L. Vande Velde ◽  
Pieter Billen

The use of polyurethanes and, therefore, the quantity of its scrap are increasing. Considering the thermoset characteristic of most polyurethanes, the most circular recycling method is by means of chemical depolymerization, for which glycolysis is finding its way into the industry. The main goal of polyurethane glycolysis is to recover the polyols used, but only limited attempts were made toward recovering the aromatic dicarbamate residues and derivates from the used isocyanates. By the split-phase glycolysis method, the recovered polyols form a top-layer phase and the bottom layer contain transreacted carbamates, excess glycol, amines, urea, and other side products. The hydrolysis of carbamates results in amines and CO2 as the main products. Consequently, the carbamates in the bottom layer of polyurethane split-phase glycolysis can also be hydrolyzed in a separate process, generating amines, which can serve as feedstock for isocyanate production to complete the polyurethane material cycle. In this paper, the full recycling of polyurethanes is reviewed and experimentally studied. As a matter of demonstration, combined glycolysis and hydrolysis led to an amine production yield of about 30% for model systems. With this result, we show the high potential for further research by future optimization of reaction conditions and catalysis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Prabowo Sulistiawan

AbstrakPenerapan penggunaan kembali barang bekas (reuse material) sebagai bahan bangunan di Indonesia menjadi sebuah upaya dalam mewujudkan arsitektur ramah lingkungan. Salah satu contoh penggunaan material bekas yaitu penggunaan material peti kemas atau kontainer bekas. Peti kemas bekas sangat mungkin dijadikan unit dasar dalam perencanaan dan perancangan arsitektur hunian maupun komersial. Peti kemas bekas mungkin bukan termasuk limbah yang merusak lingkungan, karena peti kemas bekas dapat digunakan kembali (reuse), dan didaur ulang (recycle). Oleh karena itu, material peti kemas yang digunakan kembali pada bangunan, menjadikan bangunan yang unik dan ramah lingkungan serta membantu melestarikan lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menilai bangunan Cafe Day n Nite Bandung yang menggunakan material peti kemas bekas berdasarkan kriteria Sumber dan Siklus Material pada Greenship Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI). Dalam penelitian ini metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metodologi kualitatif berupa survey lapangan dan wawancara. Analisa yang dilakukan merujuk pada kriteria Sumber dan Siklus Material menurut Greenship GBCI yang meliputi Refrigeran Foundamental, Penggunaan Gedung dan Material Bekas, Material Ramah Lingkungan, Penggunaan Refrigeran tanpa ODP, Kayu Bersertifikat, Material Prafabrikasi, dan Material Regional. Berdasarkan hasil analisa dapat disimpulkan bahwa Cafe Day n Nite Bandung memenuhi total presentase sebesar 79% penilaian berdasarkan kriteria Sumber dan Siklus Material pada Greenshp GBCI.Kata kunci: reuse material, peti kemas, ramah lingkungan ABSTRACTThe application of reuse of materials as building materials in Indonesia is an effort to create environmentally friendly architecture. One example of using used materials is the use of used container. Used containers are very likely to be used as a basic unit in planning and designing residential and commercial architecture. Used containers may not include waste that damages the environment, because used containers can be reused and recycled. Nonetheless, container materials that are reused in buildings can make a building unique and environmentally friendly and help preserve the environment.The purpose of this study is to identify and assess the Cafe Day n Nite Bandung buildings that use used container materials based on the Sources and Material Cycle criteria at the Greenship Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI). In this study, the research methodology used is a qualitative methodology in the form of field surveys and interviews. The analysis was carried out from the criteria for Source and Material Cycles according to the GBCI Greenship including Foundamental Refrigerants, Use of Building and Used Materials, Environmentally Friendly Materials, Use of Refrigerants without ODP, Certified Wood, Prefabricated Materials, and Regional Materials. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that Cafe Day n Nite Bandung fulfills a total percentage of 79% of the assessment based on the Sources and Material Cycle criteria at Greenshp GBCI.Keywords: reuse material, used container, environmentally friendly


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