Produksi MgCl2 dari Bittern melalui Optimalisasi Pemisahan Ion Sulfat Menggunakan Reagen Kalsium Klorida Dihidrat

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Wiwit Sri Werdi Pratiwi ◽  
Nike Ika Nuzula ◽  
Desi Suryana Suci ◽  
Ary Giri Dwi Kartika ◽  
Makhfud Effendy
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Sulfate Content ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Chloride Dihydrate ◽  
Salt Production

Madura memberikan kontribusi terbesar terhadap produksi garam di Jawa Timur. Produksi garam menghasilkan limbah yang disebut bittern. Bittern merupakan air sisa kristalisasi garam yang berbentuk cairan dengan kadar kepekatan >29o Be dan memiliki kandungan utama berupa ion magnesium. Selama ini, hasil bittern dari tambak garam rakyat Kabupaten Pamekasan, Madura digunakan kembali untuk proses produksi garam, dimana kegiatan tersebut dapat menurunkan kualitas garam. Dalam skala industri, bittern dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku magnesium, namun diperlukan suatu metode untuk memisahkan senyawa lainnya agar tidak mengganggu proses ekstraksi magnesium. Ion sulfat (SO₄²ˉ) merupakan ion terbanyak kedua yang terkandung dalam bittern, sehingga pemisahan ion sulfat merupakan suatu strategi untuk meningkatkan kualitas bittern sebagai bahan baku magnesium klorida. Pada penelitian ini, proses pemisahan ion sulfat menggunakan reagen kalsium klorida dihidrat (CaCl₂.2H₂O) yang ditambahkan pada bittern dengan perbandingan antara SO₄²ˉ dan CaCl₂.2H₂O yaitu P1 = 1:0,90 ; P2= 1:0,95; P3 1:1; P4=1:1,05; dan P5= 1:1,1. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kandungan sulfat pada bittern yaitu 41257,14±757,14 mg/L. Kadar sulfat pada filtrat dengan perlakuan P₁ = 4,14±0,43 mg/L; P₂ = 5,38±0,22 mg/L; P₃ = 7,57±1,14 mg/L; P₄ = 6,57±0,57 mg/L; dan P₅ = 7,48±0,46 mg/L. Penambahan CaCl₂.2H₂O berpengaruh terhadap kadar sulfat pada bittern yang dapat dilihat dari hasil uji ANOVA.  Perlakuan optimal dari uji lanjut DNMR yaitu pada perlakuan ratio molar 1:0,9 dengan nilai rata-rata 4,1429 mg/L dimana dilihat dari rata-rata paling kecil dari perlakuan lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menjadi penelitian dasar untuk melakukan optimasi ekstrak magnesium klorida dari bahan baku bittern. Madura provides the largest contribution to salt production in East Java. Salt production generates a waste called bittern. Bittern is the residual liquid of salt crystallization with a concentration of 29oBe and has the main content of magnesium ions. Unfortunately, bittern from the salt pond in Pamekasan Regency, Madura is reused for the salt production process, whereby this activity can reduce the quality of salt. On an industrial scale, bittern can be used as a raw material for magnesium, but a method is needed to separate other compounds so it does not interfere with the magnesium extraction process. Sulfate ion (SO₄²ˉ) is the second most abundant ion contained in bittern. Thus, the separation of sulfate ions is a strategy to improve the quality of bittern as a raw material for magnesium chloride. In this study, the separation process of sulfate ions using calcium chloride dihydrate reagent (CaCl₂.2H₂O) added to bittern with a ratio between SO₄²ˉ and CaCl₂.2H₂O, namely P1 = 1:0,90; P2= 1:0,95; P3 1:1; P4=1:1,05; dan P5= 1:1,1. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the sulfate content in bittern is 41257.14 ± 757.14mg/L. Sulfate levels in the filtrate  were P₁ = 4.14±0.43 mg/L; P₂ = 5.38±0.22 mg/L; P₃ = 7.57±1.14mg/L; P₄ = 6.57±0.57mg/L; and P₅ = 7.48±0.46 mg/L.The addition of CaCl₂.2H₂O has an effect on the sulfate content of bittern which can be exhibited from the ANOVA test results. The optimal treatment of the DNMR test is the treatment of the molar ratio of 1: 0.9 with an average value of 4.1429 mg/L, which is referred from the smallest average of other treatments. The results of this study serve as basic research to optimize the extract of magnesium chloride from bittern as raw material.

scholarly journals SIFAT FUNGSIONAL SEMI REFINED CARRAGEENAN (SRC) DARI RUMPUT LAUT EUCHEUMA COTTONII ASAL KABUPATEN SANGIHE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Obyn Pumpente ◽  
Jaka Frianto Putra Palawe
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Sulfate Content ◽  
Eucheuma Cottonii

Rumput  laut merupakan  salah  satu  komoditas  unggulan  sektor  perikanan  karena  permintaan  yang  terus meningkat untuk kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun untuk ekspor. Untuk  meningkatkan  nilai  tambah  dan  harga  jual, maka pengolahan rumput laut menjadi  produk  karaginan  perlu  dilakukan. Tetapi meskipun rumpu laut cukup melimpah di Kabupate Sangihe, sejauh  ini  belum  ada penelitian  mengenai  kualitas  tepung  karaginan  yang diolah  dari  rumput  laut  asal  pesisir  Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe.  Tujuan  penelitian  ini  adalah  untuk mendapatkan  konsentrasi  KOH  yang  menghasilkan  karaginan  terbaik  dan  mengkarakterisasi  sifat  fungsional  karagi­nan  rumput laut  Eucheuma cottonii  asal  Kampung Bulo, Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabu­paten Kepulauan Sangihe sedangkan manfaat  dari  penelitian  ini dapat memberikan informasi tentang prospek pengembangan  usaha  budidaya  rumput  laut di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe dan  prospek usaha  karaginan  sebagai  bahan  baku berbagai industri.  Metode Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan mengamati sifat fungsional  dari pesisir Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, prosedur penelitian dilakukan menggunakan dua tahap yaitu pada tahap pertama pengolahan SRC dengan perlakuan konsentrasi potasium hidroksida 4%, 6%, 8% dan 10%, suhu 80°C dan waktu proses 2 jam, tahap kedua yakni analisis sifat fungional dan rendemen. Penggunaan kalium hidroksida pada proses pembuatan SRC telah memenuhi standar mutu. Kisaran nilai rendemen sebesar 48.49-52.04%, nilai kekuatan gel yakni sebesar 279.59-394.22g/cm2, nilai viskositas didapatkan sebesar 22.08-35.79 cP, nilai kadar sulfat berkisar 18.13-25.43%. Nilai sifat fungsional SRC dari rumput laut  Eucheuma cottonii  asal  Kampung Bulo, Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh FAO dan BSN.   Seaweed is one of the promising fisheries commodities because of its increasing de­mand for both domestic and export needs. To increase added value and price, it is necessary to process seaweed into carrageenan products. However, despite the economic potential of carrageenan and the abundance of seaweed in Sangihe Islands, no research has addressed the quality of carrageenan from seaweed of this region. This study aimed to obtain the best KOH concentration for producing the best carrageenan from Euchema cottonii of Bulo village Nusa Tabukan district Sangihe Islands and to characterize its carrageenan functional properties. The benefit of this research included to provide information regarding the prospects of developing sea­weed cultivation in the regency and semi refined carrageenan (SRC) supply as raw material for various industries. The functional properties of semi SRC were determined by using two step analyses. First, SRC was treated with different concentration of potassium hydroxide (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) KOH at 80°C and for 2 hours. Then, it was followed by analysis of SRC’s functional properties and yields. The results showed yield of 48.49 to 52.04%, gel strength of 279.59-394.22g /cm2, viscosity of 22.08-35.79 cP and sulfate content of 18.13-25.43%. These SRC’s functional properties of E. cottonii from Sangihe Is­lands Regency and the KOH concentration used in this study met the standards set by FAO and BSN.

scholarly journals Garam Indonesia Berkualitas: Studi Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Pada Garam [The Quality of Indonesia Salt: Study of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) Levels in the Salt]

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Nurus Samsiyah ◽  
Anita Dewi Moelyaningrum ◽  
Prehatin Trirahayu Ningrum
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Pb Contamination ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Post Production

AbstrakKualitas garam sangat ditentukan oleh perlakuan dan penanganan yang diberikan pada saat pra produksi, proses produksi maupun pasca produksi. Kontaminan Pb dalam garam dapat bersumber dari lingkungan perairan laut sebagai bahan baku, tanah sebagai media / tempat produksi garam dan lingkungan udara dimana proses produksi garam berlangsung di lahan terbuka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) dalam garam di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah jenis deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) di Kabupaten Pamekasan masih di bawah batas maksimum yang telah ditentukan dalam SNI 3556-2010 dan SNI 7387-2009 yaitu <10 ppm dengan kadar Pb terendah 0,066 ppm dan tertinggi 0,162 ppm. Proses produksi garam kurang sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan. Oleh karena itu, perlunya penangangan yang baik pada pra produksi, proses produksi hingga pasca produksi pembuatan garam agar kadar Pb tidak meningkat.AbstractThe quality of salt is very determined by the treatment and handling given during the pre-production, production and post-production processes. Pb contamination in salt can be sourced from the marine environment as raw material in the process of making salt, the soil environment as a medium / place of salt production and the air environment where the salt production process takes place in an open area. The aim of research was to analyze levels of lead heavy metals (Pb) of salt in Pamekasan Regency. This research is a descriptive analysis. The techniques of data collecting of this research are observation and interview. Observations indicate that the average level of heavy metal lead (Pb) in Pamekasan regency is still below the maximum limit specified in SNI 3556-2010 and SNI 7387-2009 is <10 ppm which is the lowest grade of 0.066 ppm and grade the highest is 0.162 ppm. The salt production process is not in accordance with established standards The Therefore, the need for good handling in pre-production, production processes to post-production of salt production so that Pb levels do not increase.

scholarly journals Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) Method and Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST) Technology for Sea Salt Production throughout the Year [Metode Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) dan Teknologi Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST) Untuk Produksi Garam Sepanjang Tahun]

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Andi Kurniawan ◽  
Muhammad Imam Syafi’i ◽  
Gatot Ardian ◽  
Abdul Aziz Jaziri ◽  
Abd. Aziz Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Mixing Method ◽  
Original Innovation ◽  
Optimum Water

AbstractOne of the biggest challenges in sea salt production is unpredictable and unsuitable weather. Sea salt production process is very depended on the evaporation rate of sea salt production and it will be stopped in the rainy season. One of the alternative strategies to solve this problem is the application of greenhouse salt crystallization in sea salt production. This study aims to develop the technology to produce sea salt in the rainy season by applying Continuously Dynamic Mixing Method (CDM) in the Greenhouse Sea Salt Tunnel (GST). The application of CDM in the GST is an original innovation developed by the researchers of this study. Environmental parameters analyzed in the present study were daily temperatures, wind speed, evaporation rate, humidity, and Baumé scale value. The quality of the produced sea salt was evaluated from the water and NaCl content. The results of this study indicate that the application of the CDM method in GST makes the sea salt production from the raw water materials (± 2° Be) can be conducted in the rainy season. The optimum water and NaCl content of the produced sea salt is 98.05 % and 7 %, respectively. The production of sea salt for one cycle (15 days) in this study is 300 kg/GST-Crystallization (44 m2). According to the results, the CDM method in the GST technology may improve the production of the sea salt in the rainy season and allow it to produce sea salt throughout the year.AbstrakSalah satu tantangan terbesar dalam produksi garam adalah kondisi cuaca yang tidak menentu ataupun tidak mendukung proses pengkristalan garam. Proses pembuatan garam yang sangat tergantung pada laju evaporasi membuat produksi garam akan berhenti pada musim hujan. Strategi pengoptimalan laju evaporasi dengan menggunakan rumah kristalisasi garam berkembang menjadi salah satu alternatif metode untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan teknologi produksi garam di musim hujan dengan menerapkan metode Continuously Dynamic Mixing (CDM) pada rumah kristalisasi berbentuk Greenhouse Salt Tunnel (GST). Penerapan metode CDM dalam teknologi GST merupakan inovasi teknologi yang dikembangkan khusus oleh peneliti dalam studi ini. Parameter lingkungan yang diteliti terdiri dari suhu harian (air dan udara), kecepatan angin, laju penguapan, kelembaban udara dan nilai skala Baumé dari air bahan baku garam. Kualitas produksi garam dievaluasi berdasarkan kandungan air dan kandungan NaCl. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan kalau penerapan metode CDM pada GST membuat produksi garam yang dimulai dari air muda (± 2° Be) dapat dilakukan pada musim hujan. Garam yang dihasilkan berwarna putih dengan kandungan NaCl dan kadar air, secara berturut-turut, adalah 98.05 % dan 7 %. Hasil produksi garam per siklus produksi dalam musim hujan (15 hari) sebesar 300 kg/GST-Kristalisasi (luasan 44 m2). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, metode CDM pada teknologi GST membuat produksi garam pada musim hujan sehingga produksi garam dapat dilakukan sepanjang tahun.

scholarly journals PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING BISHOFITE FROM RAPE OF LAKES KARAUMBET AND BARSAKELMES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6(75)) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
R.R. Tozhiev ◽  
O.S. Bobokulova ◽  
H.Ch. Mirzakulov
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Ir Spectroscopic ◽  
Soda Ash

The process of obtaining bischofite from Karaumbet and Barsakelmes brine by its two-stage steaming with an intermediate release of sodium chloride was studied. At the same time, calcium and sulfate ions of brine have been removed by precipitation with soda ash and its waste - distiller liquid. The individuality of magnesium chloride hexahydrate has also been confirmed by X-ray and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. The composition and quality of 6-aqueous magnesium chloride meets the requirements of State Standard 7759-73 for commercial bischofite.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Gel Forming Ability

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

Physico-Chemical Aspects of the Influence of Raw Material Components on the Quality of Ceramic Brick

2019 ◽  
Vol 777 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
G.Yu. SHAGIGALIN ◽  
◽  
P.A. FEDOROV ◽  
L.N. LOMAKINA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Ceramic Brick ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals Individual quality of life and the environment – towards a concept of livable areas for persons with disabilities in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Grabowska ◽  
Radosław Antczak ◽  
Jan Zwierzchowski ◽  
Tomasz Panek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [1] highlights the need to create proper socioeconomic and political conditions for persons with disabilities, with a special focus on their immediate living conditions. According to the Convention, these conditions should be built to ensure that persons with disabilities have the potential to enjoy a high quality of life (QoL), and this principle is reflected in the notion of livable areas. The crucial aspect of this framework is the relationship between the individual QoL and the environment, broadly understood as the socioeconomic as well as the technical conditions in which persons with disabilities function. Methods The basic research problem was to assess the relationship between individual QoL for the population with disabilities as a dependent variable and livability indicators as independent variables, controlling for individual characteristics. The study used a dataset from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) survey carried out in 2015 in Poland. The research concept involved several steps. First, we created a variable measuring the QoL for the entire population with disabilities. To measure the multidimensional QoL, we used Sen’s capability approach as a general concept, which was operationalized by the MIMIC (multiple indicators multiple causes) model. In the second step, we identified the livability indicators available in the official statistics, and merged them with survey data. Finally, in the last step, we ran the regression analysis. We also checked the data for the nested structure. Results We confirmed that the general environmental conditions, focused on creating livable areas, played a significant role in shaping the QoL of persons with disabilities; i.e., we found that the higher the level of the local Human Development Index, the higher the quality of life of the individuals living in this area. This relationship held even after controlling for the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Moreover, we found that in addition to the general environmental conditions, the conditions created especially for persons with disabilities (i.e., services for this group and support for their living conditions) affected the QoL of these individuals. Conclusions The results illustrate the need to strengthen policies aimed at promoting the QoL of persons with disabilities by creating access to community assets and services that can contribute to improving the life chances of this population.

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

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