Call Admission Control Algorithm with Efficient Handoff for Both 4G and 5G Networks

Recently, many generations of mobile networks have changed from one transition to another transition. The mode of transition from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G) is characterized by a lot of performance challenges such as delay, speed of the users, mobility, and variety of services. Currently, different from prior generations, 5G is not only concerned with the mobile networks but also, with various applications and different services such as health sector, transportation, energy consumption, safety well as Smart City. All these services are incorporated by 5G. In this paper, we proposed a call admission control (CAC) algorithm with an efficient handoff for both 4G and 5G networks. Simulation is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and the obtained results indicate it considerably performs better than do other algorithms based on valuable metrics such as data throughput, call blocking probability (CBP), and call dropping probability (CDP).

Enhanced Handoff Decision Making for Application-Aware Environment by Using Blended Approach

Seamless integration of the new and existing networks is required to create next generation wireless networks capable of providing wide range of services coupled with uninterrupted connectivity and high speeds offering unprecedented quality of service to users. Smooth and proficient handoff techniques are important to achieve optimal network performance in heterogeneous wireless environments. This paper proposes Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques of both non-fuzzy (Technique for Order of Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)) and fuzzy (Fuzzy TOPSIS (FTOPSIS)) type for network ranking. The proposed algorithm uses priority ranking to assign weights to six parameters by using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Further, TOPSIS and FTOPSIS techniques are compared for various traffic classes and used for network selection in the prevalent network conditions. The results show that contingent on the traffic classes, the FTOPSIS selects the ideal network with diminished ping-pong rate and call blocking probability as compared to TOPSIS while accounting for the uncertain environment.

Handoff Control in Satellite Communication Applying Multi Billboard Manager Method

LEO satellites play an important role in global communication system. LEO satellites have some advantages over GEO and MEO satellites, in respect of power requirement, end-to-end delay & more efficient frequency spectrum. But the main problem of LEO satellite, is that they have large relative speed than the speed of mobile nodes (MN) and earth, so that the handover occurrence is more. As a result, the call blocking probability (Pb ) and force call termination probability (Pf ) is higher. To overcome this problem, Billboard manager based handover (BMBHO) was introduced to reduce the scanning time significantly and also to reduce the Pf . But the main problem of single billboard manager (BM) is that, since all handover requests have to be processed from a single point. In this paper, we have proposed the concept of multi-billboard manager based handover (MBMHO) method to resolve this problem. Thus, handover request will be served more efficiently so that both Pb and Pf are minimized than the BMBHO method.

Different Techniques for Successful Handoff and Prevention of New Call Blocking Probability

The unsuccessful handoff and call dropping have been a fast growing, challenging and interesting area in real time application. The immense advancement in cellular networks communication study, has made tremendous improvement in the sphere of wireless technologies which are complementary to other and their union for specific area and services has created single wireless network system. The different wireless network systems having separate function have been combined under the concept of Next-Generation Wireless Communications Systems (NGNS) with a view to provide seamless high-quality wireless network services to mobile users. A set of mechanism are proposed for successful handoff process during the transfer of active calls or date session from one cell in a cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another maintaining uninterrupted service to a data session user. In this paper factors responsible for unsuccessful handoff and new call dropping probability method with probable control measures are reviewed. Methods are also proposed to increase handoff performance of mobile IP by decreasing the probability of false handoff initiation to a great extent under handoff management protocol of NGWS considering MT speed and handoff signaling which are directly proportional to false handoff initiation. In is reported that electromagnetic radiation is reduced to a considerable limit with the use of multi antennas instead of a single big antenna.

Model for Performance Improvement of Blocking Probability in GMPLS Networks

Generalized multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) is a set of rules which is used in various layers like the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) layer, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) layer, etc. to generalize the concepts of labels of Multiprotocol Label Switching networks. A block in call occurs when number of requests is more than the servers and waiting rooms. This call blocking is the very important parameter and can be calculated in terms of probability. There are a number of models to calculate the call blocking probability like Erlang B, Erlang C, etc. This paper suggests a novel, efficient and less – complex model which minimize the call blocking to very much extent for GMPLS networks. This model deals with the factors like number of wavelengths, number of links, traffic intensity, etc. which can help in reducing the call blocking probability and give better results. In this paper, the call-blocking probability is also compared with number of links by considering different wavelengths. A comparison of call-blocking probability of proposed model is also analysed. This paper deals with blocking probability optimization in GMPLS Networks using Fredericks approach. We have used peakedness factor from Fredericks approach in Engset’s formula for this optimization.”

Wavelength Converter Based Optimized RWA for All Optical Networks

Wavelength converters are used in WDM networks to avoid call blocking and minimizing the blocking probability. Optimal placement of wavelength converters restricts the call blocking probability, the complexity and improves the overall network performance of the network. In this paper, we propose a new weight dependent routing and wavelength assignment algorithm for the optimal placement of the wavelength converters. The wavelength converter placement was considered separately at all the nodes and the partial nodes. Our algorithm outperforms the previously reported studies and requires a lesser number of wavelength converters to achieve the required performance. It reduces the blocking probabilities up to 5.4% and shows that the first four nodes primarily control the blocking performance of the network. The study also reveals that instead of merely increasing the number of converters, their placement at the right location plays a crucial role in improving the performance. Initially, although an increase in the number of the wavelengths also improves the network performance, the further increase does not contribute much to the reduction of the blocking probability.

Predictive Methods of Always Best-Connected Networks in Heterogeneous Environment

Heterogeneous networks are comprised of dense deployments of pico (small cell) base stations (BSs) overlaid with traditional macro BSs, thus allowing them to communicate with each other. The internet itself is an example of a heterogeneous network. Presently, the emergence of 4G and 5G heterogeneous network has attracted most of the user-centric applications like video chatting, online mobile interactive classroom, and voice services. To facilitate such bandwidth-hungry multimedia applications and to ensure QoS (quality of service), always best-connected (ABC) network is to be selected among available heterogeneous network. The selection of the ABC network is based on certain design parameters such as cost factor, bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, security, throughput, delay, packet loss ratio, and call blocking probability. In this chapter, all the above-mentioned design parameters are considered to evaluate the performance of always best-connected network under heterogeneous environment for mobile users.

Analysis of channel allocation and management using tlbo, ga & de algorithms in cellular networks

Accuracy of spectrum sensing in cellular mobile networks can be increased by reducing the sensing error probability, call blocking probability & by increasing network throughput. In our Project work, an advanced algorithms like Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO), Genetic (GA) and Differential Evaluation (DE) Algorithms are used to analyze the sensing error probability, call blocking probability and network throughput. We will propose a channel allocation and management scheme with the above mentioned algorithms for supporting mobile users. With the help of these algorithms, sensing error and call blocking probabilities are analyzed to find out an optimal value for reducing the errors to some extent and improving network throughput. Channel Allocation in cellular networks is a key aspect with channel impairments and non-ideal antenna patterns. Finally, performance analysis is done through comparison of simulation results.

CAC DPLB MCN: A Distributed Load Balancing Scheme in Multimedia Mobile Cellular Networks

The problem of non-uniform traffic demand in different cells of a cellular network may lead to a gross imbalance in the system performance. Thus, the users in hot cells may suffer from low throughput. In this paper, an effective and simple load balancing scheme CAC_DPLB_MCN is proposed that can effectively reduce the overall call blocking. This model considers dealing with multi-media traffic as well as time-varying geographical traffic distribution. The proposed scheme uses the concept of cell-tiering thereby creating fractional frequency reuse environment. A message exchange based distributed scheme instead of centralized one is used which help the proposed scheme be implemented in a multiple hot cell environment also. Furthermore, concept of dynamic pricing is used to serve the best interest of the users as well as for the service providers. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with two other existing schemes in terms of call blocking probability and bandwidth utilization. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the call blocking significantly in highly congested cell with highest bandwidth utilization. Use of dynamic pricing also makes the scheme useful to increase revenue of the service providers in contrast with compared schemes.