Motywacja metamorfozy a potworność cielesna i duchowa w wybranych realizacjach wątku „Pięknej i Bestii”

The article discusses the motivations of the monstrous metamorphosis in some Beauty and the Beast retellings, chiefly those by Gabrielle-Suzanne de Villeneuve (1740), Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1756), Alex Flinn (2007), and Małgorzata Musierowicz (1996). Other versions are mentioned as a broader context. The aim of the article is to observe a correlation between transmotivation and a retelling’s structure and message. While folk versions usually omit the motivation altogether, literary and film retellings often provide in-depth explanations of the transformation. In the 18th-century fairy tales, the metamorphosis is a villainy inflicted on an innocent victim, and Beauty has to see through the monstrous appearance in order to realize the true, internal beauty of the Beast. Retellings from the 20th and 21st centuries, on the other hand, often present the metamorphosis as a comeuppance for some emotional and moral fault. Physical deformity reflects spiritual monstrosity, and the Beast’s struggle with the latter helps him become free of the former. As a consequence, transmotivation implies a shift in the narrative from Beauty’s experience to the Beast’s internal change. This may be due to the didactic tradition of the fairy tale for children, in which the hero is tested and disciplined, as well as the influence of the modern novel, focused on individual characters’ psychology

Tess of the d’Urbervilles: Hardy’s Nonconformist Views and Challenge of the Prevailing Social and Moral Ideology

In Tess of the d’Urbervilles Hardy’s non-conformist views are evident through the dialectic of negation which opposes institutionalized codes, and rejects the stereotypical Victorian concepts of femininity. He hovers over Tess like a stricken father, and presents her as an innocent victim, yet he has not been able to save her from her pre-destined death. His endeavours to create a Utopian society and change the cultural logos in regards to sex and gender, have been hampered by various forms of repression from editors, reviews, publishers and supporters of “the purity movement”. In his attempt to avoid the trauma of rejection, he made substantial expurgations and revisions of the original text, but the tragic death at the end of the book shows that the prevailing ideology, and excessive prudishness of supporters of the league of virtue have outweighed his perceptions and defeated his liberal concepts.” His frustration, bitter experience, and the unpleasant attacks waged on him and his works, were apparently influential in making him cease writing novels.

State-Inflicted Violence and the Ethics of Suffering

This chapter investigates two ways in which playwrights adapt violent historical subjects for the stage in Gabriel Bounin’s Soltane (1561) and Jean de Beaubreuil’s tragedy Regulus (1582). The loyal heroes from both are victims of state violence, though their stories unfold quite differently. In La Soltane, Moustapha obeys his father’s orders to visit him despite being warned his father will have him killed. In Regulus, Atilie remains loyal to his homeland (Rome) despite knowing the Carthaginians will punish his betrayal. However, whereas Bounin depicts Moustapha as an innocent victim of filicide, Beaubreuil paints Atilie as an arrogant warrior whose hubris causes his defeat in battle. Nonetheless, Atilie accepts his change in fortune and his violent death in Carthage. Thus, despite his flaws, he is a stoic exemplar who might inspire spectators to take virtuous action themselves. Further, while the stories take place in the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean Basin, they mirror the religious and civil wars of sixteenth-century France.

Compensatory Assistance To The Victims Of Acid Attacks

Violence with throwing acid is a heinous act of crime which falls under the offence against body. Attack of acid is mostly committed against women who are of young age. It is an intentional act, object in most cases to take revenge. Basically, it is gender based violence and gradually increasing against women. Acid that normally used in attack are easily available in market. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 and guidelines issued by the apex court under the Laxmi case regarding compensation and assistance in favour of acid attack survivor, so the proper treatment can be done, expense can be bearable and victim can face the challenges. Through this research paper scholar wants to highlight on caused, impact and relief provide by the state to the innocent victim and also recommended that proper check should be done on sale of acids.

Deontological and Altruistic Guilt Feelings: A Dualistic Thesis

In this paper we argue in favor of the existence of two different guilt feelings: altruistic guilt (AG) and deontological guilt (DG). AG arises from having harmed, through one's own action or omission, an innocent victim, while DG arises from the transgression of an internalized norm. In most daily experiences of guilt feelings both types are present, but we argue that they are not traceable to each other and that each can be present without the other. We show that the two guilt feelings can be distinguished with reference to behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological aspects. Moreover, we demonstrate that they are differently related to other processes and emotions. AG is connected with pain, empathy and ToM. DG is strongly related to disgust. We briefly illustrate some implications for moral psychology and clinical psychology.

La relation mère-enfant dans la dramaturgie staëlienne

"The Relationship between Mother and Child in Staël’s Playwriting. The article aims to analyse the plays of Germaine de Staël Agar dans le désert, Geneviève de Brabant and La Sunamite, considered as serious dramas, brought together in the perspective of the maternal relationship. The maternal archetype follows the form of the mater dolorosa capable of the greatest sacrifices. The child is seen as being inseparable from the mother and is often an innocent victim of human sins. Passionate love as the essential coordinate of romanticism is replaced by maternal love and by the love of God. The plays have a clear moralizing value, but the pathos of declamation and the introspection, characteristic of romanticism, are well visible. Keywords: Germaine de Staël, theatre, maternal relationship, romanticism."

La lectura apocalíptica de René Girard: catástrofe y esperanza

This paper proposes to draw on René Girard’s “mimetic theory” to understand the phenomenon of violence and its escalation to extremes, from a non-instrumental perspective. This theory locates the origin of violence in the mimetic nature of acquisitive desires and it reveals, as its main historical antidote, the sacrifice of scapegoats. Accordingly, it suggests that violence and its various manifestations are a prime driving force in human history. Mainly, this paper addresses the possibility of dismantling this violence through Girard’s reading of the Apocalypse as the face of the current crisis and a call for hope. Both strands originate from the same episode: Christian Revelation, after dismantling the sacrificial apparatus and leaving men without sacred protection, presented the innocent victim par excellence —Christ— as the only role model able to stop the machinery of death.

Victims, Vignettes, and Videos: Meta-Analytic and Experimental Evidence That Emotional Impact Enhances the Derogation of Innocent Victims

Research during the 1960s found that observers could be moved enough by an innocent victim’s suffering to derogate their character. However, recent research has produced inconsistent evidence for this effect. We conducted the first meta-analysis ( k = 55) of the experimental literature on the victim derogation effect to test the hypothesis that it varies as a function of the emotional impactfulness of the context for observers. We found that studies which employed more impactful contexts (e.g., that were real and vivid) reported larger derogation effects. Emotional impact was, however, confounded by year of appearance, such that older studies reported larger effects and were more impactful. To disentangle the role of emotional impact, in two primary experiments we found that more impactful contexts increased the derogation of an innocent victim. Overall, the findings advance our theoretical understanding of the contexts in which observers are more likely to derogate an innocent victim.

International Forensic Cooperation and Advocacy

The article discusses the interaction of lawyers involved in criminal defense and the international forensic community, the principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination. Information is provided on forensic aspects of the activities of the United Nations, the European Criminal Bar Association and a specific case of the participation of fingerprint experts from a range of countries in a unique case on protection of an innocent victim of an expert error is described. The importance of taking into account the cognitive bias of experts and other subjective factors, as well as the role of lawyers in assessing expert opinions, is noted. The main conclusions and recommendations on the interaction of the forensic and advocate communities in current conditions are presented.