Māori Vocabulary: A Study of Some High Frequency Homonyms

<p>The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).) The thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation of homonyms in texts, and if so, how such clues could be used for tagging corpora so that counting would be more accurate. The Boyce corpus of modern broadcast Māori (Boyce, 2006, ii) provided the data. Case studies were made of three high-frequency homonyms in this corpus, kī ‘say’, ‘full’, mea ‘say’, ‘thing’ and tau ‘settle’, ‘year’. Lyons' (1968) criterion of distinction was applied to establish the lexemes realised by each of these word-forms on the basis of dictionary and etymological information. The tokens of each word-form were then extracted from Boyce’s (2006) corpus using the concordance program ‘WordSmith Tools’. WordSmith Tools is a computer program that helps to look at how words behave in a text. Concord which is part of WordSmith Tools enables the user to see any word or phrase in context. Phrase peripheries (the words before and after each word-form in the same phrase) were analysed and the wider syntactic environment was also examined in order to find clues which signalled the appropriate lexeme for each token. The results showed that the lexemes from all three case studies could be identified in the corpus on the basis of consistent clues that occur in its linguistic environment. If the phrasal periphery of the word-form is examined, and the grammatical information supplied by the wider linguistic environment is taken into account, it is possible to determine the appropriate lexemic tag for a word-form in a corpus in Māori.</p>

Māori Vocabulary: A Study of Some High Frequency Homonyms

<p>The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).) The thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation of homonyms in texts, and if so, how such clues could be used for tagging corpora so that counting would be more accurate. The Boyce corpus of modern broadcast Māori (Boyce, 2006, ii) provided the data. Case studies were made of three high-frequency homonyms in this corpus, kī ‘say’, ‘full’, mea ‘say’, ‘thing’ and tau ‘settle’, ‘year’. Lyons' (1968) criterion of distinction was applied to establish the lexemes realised by each of these word-forms on the basis of dictionary and etymological information. The tokens of each word-form were then extracted from Boyce’s (2006) corpus using the concordance program ‘WordSmith Tools’. WordSmith Tools is a computer program that helps to look at how words behave in a text. Concord which is part of WordSmith Tools enables the user to see any word or phrase in context. Phrase peripheries (the words before and after each word-form in the same phrase) were analysed and the wider syntactic environment was also examined in order to find clues which signalled the appropriate lexeme for each token. The results showed that the lexemes from all three case studies could be identified in the corpus on the basis of consistent clues that occur in its linguistic environment. If the phrasal periphery of the word-form is examined, and the grammatical information supplied by the wider linguistic environment is taken into account, it is possible to determine the appropriate lexemic tag for a word-form in a corpus in Māori.</p>

Teaching the Construction of Feminist Ideology to EFL Learners: A Corpus Approach

Corpus Linguistics has gained much importance, and it is now continually been applied in linguistics as well as in literature. This paper aims to investigate the use of corpus linguistics in teaching literature to students. This research has used a both qualitative and quantitative approach. The question it probes to find out is how literature (Feminist Theory) can be taught to students by using the Simple Concordance Program (4.09). The results are: different words, which were supporting the feminist ideology, are extracted from the word list of the sample, and then, feminist analysis is done, according to their occurrence in the phrase and sentences.

Teaching the Construction of Feminist Ideology to EFL Learners: A Corpus Approach

Corpus Linguistics has gained much importance, and it is now continually been applied in linguistics as well as in literature. This paper aims to investigate the use of corpus linguistics in teaching literature to students. This research has used a both qualitative and quantitative approach. The question it probes to find out is how literature (Feminist Theory) can be taught to students by using the Simple Concordance Program (4.09). The results are: different words, which were supporting the feminist ideology, are extracted from the word list of the sample, and then, feminist analysis is done, according to their occurrence in the phrase and sentences.

An Analysis of Lexical Chunks in Online Business Letters (OBL) and Business Letter Corpus (BLC): A Corpus-Based Study

This research investigated into the lexical density and frequencies of five types of lexical chunks located in 300 online business letters. Top 10 websites on business correspondence had been identified in terms of traffic visitors and bounce rate under one million web rankings worldwide. Criterion Sampling method was identified prior to extracting the sample letters from the websites. The data was then run with Antconc Concordance Program (ACP) for lexical density and frequency analysis. Top 15 lexical chunks in online business letters (OBL) were compared against those top 15 in Business Letter Corpus (BLC). Findings revealed that there was a total of 39 916-word tokens and 939 counts of lexical chunks found in this corpus. It was found that more lexical words do not imply more lexical chunks used in based on types of business letters. All 5 types of lexical chunks were identified and ranked in descending order; Sentence Builders (SB) as the most frequent type, followed by Collocations (COL), Deictic locutions (DLs), Polywords (POLs) and Institutionalized Expressions (IUs) as the least frequent type of lexical chunk. Sub-divisional analysis indicated that Grammatical Collocations (GCs) were more common than Lexical Collocations (LCs). Majority of lexical chunks were formed more at sentence level than phrasal level. Comparative analysis between top 15 lexical chunks in OBL and BLC discovered that most top lexical chunks in online business letters are representative of those corporate business letters in BLC. Pedagogical implications in terms of the reliability of online business letters for academic reference and future research considerations are also addressed.

Application Systems Available In UNIMED Language Skills Text

This study aims to describe the attitude appraisal system contained in the French thesis text at UNIMED. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method. The research sample is the French thesis text at UNIMED on behalf of Ayokta Ghea M. Panjaitan, NIM. 21013001 where the type of thesis is linguistics with the title Analyze De Champ Lexical Des Activités Des Yeux En Français (Analysis of the Lexical Meaning of Eye Activity in French) totaling 58 pages with the highest GPA of 3.85 and Irna Fadillah Nasution, NIM. 2101131002 with a GPA of 3.45 with the title of the thesis Analyze Sémiotique De La Publicite Femme De Beauté Dans Le Magazine Femme Actuelle (Semiotic Analysis of Beauty Advertisements in the French Magazine Femme Actuelle) totaling 60 pages that have been validated by native speakers teaching at the French Language Education Study Program UNIMED in 2015 and also teaches at the Alliance Française (AF) called Marine Petite. Data were analyzed using the Simple Concordance Program (SCP) concordance program software using the Apraisal system, namely: Attitude Apraisal. The results showed that the Apraisal System in the French Thesis text at UNIMED was the Paradigmatic System because the Apraisal System in the French thesis text consisted of (a). Gender (le gendre), which consists of: masculine (masculin) and feminine (féminin) and (b). Total (le nombre), which consists of: single (singulier) and plural (pluriel).

Exploring logical connectors in journals with different indexing levels: A comparison between international and national indexed journals

Research to date has witnessed the mounting significance of logical connectors in writing including scientific journal articles; however, little is known as to whether the usage of such connectors may correspond to a varying degree of journal quality. This qualitative study fills in the void by exploring the use of logical connectors in journals with different indexing levels, national and international. Sixty articles were collected from two journals, thirty articles from each. Implicit behind this study is an assumption that differing journal indexing entails differing journal quality. Nineteen connectors that belong to the most frequently used conjunctive adverbials in academic prose were searched using Laurence Anthony’s concordance program (AntConc). The findings reveal that the top-two most frequently CAs used in both corpora are adversative however and causal therefore. Based on these results, the analysis is centered on these two CAs by investigating the coherence relations in order to see the underlying logical relationships between two sentences. The findings show that the illogical uses of CA however and therefore were equally found in both corpora although the percentages for the illogical use in the international journal articles are less than those in the national ones. In conclusion, not only do articles in the two journals share the same tendencies in the logical use, they also evince the same patterns of problem, namely failure in recognizing logical relationships and overuse of connectors. Of importance is that the purported relationship between journal indexation and logical use of connectors may be at best weak, and at worst absent, for both journals in question dominantly exhibit a logical usage of connectors. Pedagogical implications are also discussed.

THE PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT’S RHETORIC ON JAPAN-CHINA RIVALRY AND INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY

This study examines the Japan-China rivalry and independent foreign policy (IFP) rhetoric of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte. Using both AntConc (concordance program) and conventional reading, this study identifies the themes and aspects as to how he used words related to China and Japan in his speeches. Data analysis reveals that his rhetoric centered on several themes, such as historical relations, brotherly and friendly relations, strategic partnership, China as an economic and military superpower, development assistance, and as point of reference, among others. Contrary to what Duterte portrays as IFP, the study shows that even after two years into his presidency, nothing has really changed in the Philippines. His promise of pursuing an IFP policy has neither taken the form of a concrete plan nor materialized as a policy. This paper argues that the ambivalence in Duterte’s foreign policy rhetoric is just a strategy to accommodate China’s influence while maintaining his nationalist narrative. His IFP rhetoric is just a manifestation of continuing dependency to outside powers. No matter how different it initially seemed to be from previous administrations in the way that it entertains other powers such as China and Japan apart from the US, it still cannot be considered as IFP.Keywords: Independent foreign policy, Japan-China rivalry, Philippine foreign policy under Duterte, presidential speech analysis, Rodrigo DuterteCite as: Garcia, L.S.S. (2018). The Philippine president’s rhetoric on Japan-China rivalry and independent foreign policy. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2),1-16.http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss2pp1-16

Data Approaches to Emily Dickinson and Eliza R. Snow

Cynthia L. Hallen describes her launch and development of the Emily Dickinson Lexicon (EDL) project, a dictionary of all the words in the poet’s collected verse. With English and linguistics majors volunteering as apprentice collaborators, Hallen, starting in the 1990s, began the ambitious project of digitizing the Franklin edition of Dickinson’s poems and using the newly developed WordCruncher concordance program to amass the lexicon. Hallen describes her use of the EDL along with other digital philological tools in a senior capstone course where students learned principles of philology as well as skills of lexicography, etymology, exegesis, rhetoric, style, translation, discourse analysis, and literary interpretation.

IMPLEMENTASI APRAISAL DALAM EVALUASI BAHASA: SEBUAH ANCANGAN WACANA FORENSIK

<div class="WordSection1"><p>The aim of this research are (1) describing language evaluation on students’ article on attitude (2) describing language evaluation on students’ article on engagement (3) describing language evaluation on students’ article on graduation. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative that is done by concordance method analysis and distribution by using a software of Simple Concordance Program (SCP). The data for this research is an article text written by the students of Indonesia department. The result shows that (1) the inclination of using lexis 0f negative attitude that is showed on negative affect, value, and appreciation by the students. (2) the inclination of using lexis of negative graduation by the students through writing the domination of metaphor in the phenomenon happened in society. (3) the system of appraisal in the article written by the students is graduation ^ engagement ^ attitude. This result showed because the writers of an article mostly use the function of language to strengthen and weaken the attitude and engagement related to the text inwriting their article.</p></div>