O wybranych przestrzeniach mieszkalnych funkcjonujących współcześnie w miejskim krajobrazie kulturowym

On selected living spaces that function in contemporary urban cultural landscape Streszczenie Autorzy artykułu opisują wybrane przykłady przestrzeni mieszkalnych ukształtowanych i zrealizowanych w XX i XXI wieku a funkcjonujących do obecnych czasów w krajobrazie miast. Starają się wyjaśnić i ocenić odniesienia do filozofii ich budowania i etyki projektowania. Szczególnie zwracają uwagę na procesy manipulacji a zachowania szacunku do natury i otwartych przestrzeni. Zostało to przedstawione na przykładach międzywojennych historycznych osiedli w Łodzi im. Mątwiłła Mireckiego i Werkbundu we Wrocławiu oraz miasta ogrodu Zlin firmy Bata. Fabryka butów Baty zmieniła wygląd całego miasta, które stało się sprawnie funkcjonującą przestrzenią, z precyzyjnie zaprojektowaną architekturą warunkującą każdy aspekt życia. Okres powojennej myśli urbanistycznej przedstawiono na wzorze osiedla Sadów Żoliborskich oraz nowatorskiej idei lat 70-tych na przykładzie konkursu na osiedle Ursynów w Warszawie. Odniesiono się do idei miasta ogrodu i jego odsłony w latach 80-tych poprzez tworzenie zielonych, otwartych osiedli w zabudowie niskiej i dywanowej w ramach zleceń rządowych. Wprawdzie te idee nie były zrealizowane ale pozostawała myśl i pragnienie. Poszanowanie terenów zieleni o zasadniczym znaczeniu dla charakteru miejsca zaprezentowano na przykładzie zespołu domów pasywnych w Konstantynowie Łódzkim czy osiedla Aspern w Wiedniu, sposobu ich procedowania i tworzenia. Zwrócono uwagę na rangę poszanowanie wartości krajobrazowych, wyjaśniono zależności pomiędzy przestrzenią, architekturą a naturą. Podjęto próbę znalezienia priorytetowych o kapitalnym znaczeniu elementów gry przestrzennej dla zachowania wartości nadrzędnych dla środowiska naturalnego i architektury. On selected living spaces that function in contemporary urban cultural landscape The authors of the article describe selected examples of living spaces shaped and constructed in the 20th and 21st century and functioning to the present day in the city landscape. They try to explain and evaluate references to the building philosophy and design ethics. They pay particular attention to the processes of manipulation and respect for nature and open spaces. It was presented on the examples of the historical interwar housing estates in Łódź Mątwiłł Mirecki and Werkbund in Wrocław and the Zlin garden city by the Bata Company. The Bata Shoe Factory changed the shape of the entire city into a functioning space, with architecture conditioning every aspect of life. The period of post-war urban thought was presented on the model of the Sadów Żoliborskie estate and the innovative idea of the 1970s on the example of the competition for the Ursynów estate in Warsaw. It was based on the idea of a garden city and its presentation in the 1980s by creating green, low open housing estates as part of government commissions. Although these ideas were not realized, the idea, thought and desire remained. The respect for green areas of fundamental importance for the character of the place was presented on the example of the passive house complex in Konstantynów Łódzki or the Aspern estate in Vienna. The importance of respect for landscape values was emphasized, and the relationship between space, architecture and nature was explained. An attempt was made to find the main elements of space, which was of paramount importance for the preservation of values superior to the natural environment and architecture.

Field Demonstration of a Distributed Microsensor Network for Chemical Detection

We have developed the ABEAM-15, a custom-built multiplexed reflectance device for the detection of vapor phase and aerosolized chemical plumes. The instrument incorporates fifteen individual sensing elements, has wireless communications, offers support for a battery pack, and is capable of both live and fully autonomous operation. Two housing options have been fabricated: a compact open housing for indoor use and a larger weather-sealed housing for outdoor use. Previously developed six-plex analysis algorithms are extended to 15-plex format and implemented on a laptop computer. We report the results of recent outdoor field trials with this instrument in Denver, CO in a stadium security scenario. Through software, the wireless modules on each instrument were configured to form a six-instrument, star-point topology, distributed microsensor network with live reporting and real-time data analysis. The network was tested with aerosols of methyl salicylate.

A Retrospective Study of Dogs Infected with Ehrlichia canis from 2017-2019 in the Thonburi Area of Bangkok Province, Thailand

Ehrlichia canis is a tick-borne rickettsia. It can cause canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Infected dogs are often reported to have changes in their blood values, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzymes, and increased kidney function values. This study aimed to collect data that may be related to infected dogs, including age, gender, breed, weight, close-open housing system, the use of ectoparasiticides products. The sample comprised 57 infected dogs. Collecting hematology and serum biochemistry changes in comparison with the reference values of dogs detected with Ehrlichia canis from 2017-2019, Thonburi District, Bangkok, Thailand was also carried out. In summary, dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis mostly included mixed-breed dogs aged between 1 and 10 years. There were no differences in body weight or housing systems. Dogs that had never used ectoparasiticide products or used them intermittently were infected more often (by 7.14 times) than protected. Clinical hematology and serum biochemistry found anemia, thrombocytopenia, and increased liver enzymes.

Territorial Cognition, Behavior, and Space of Residents: A Comparative Study of Territoriality between Open and Gated Housing Blocks; a Case Study of Changchun, China

Residents have territorial cognition with different hierarchies and conduct corresponding behaviors in the outdoor space of housing blocks through sharing space and facilities. This mechanism stems from human need and might be influenced by physical environmental elements. To understand this effect, especially after a guideline for transforming existing gated housing blocks was enacted in China, this study compared the territoriality of open and gated housing blocks from the view of the cognition, behavior, and space through combined methods. Interview, snapshot, and observation were conducted to capture the situation of these three dimensions, then they were evaluated and grouped by factor analysis and quartiles. Obtained results in the open housing block were found to be inferior to that in the gated case. The conclusion was drawn based on the above that there are remarkable differences between open and gated housing blocks on the intensity of residents’ territorial cognition, the level and quantity of their territorial behaviors, and the distribution as well as continuity of the territorial space.

“We Just Can’t Afford to Be Democratic”: Liberals, Integrationists, and the Postwar Suburb of Park Forest

Park Forest, Illinois, emerged as a prototype suburb in the post–World War II era. Scholars have devoted considerable attention to Park Forest but have not thoroughly explored the efforts of the American Friends Service Committee to integrate this village outside of Chicago in the 1950s. Philip Klutznick, the lead developer of Park Forest, advertised the suburb as a melting pot for a new America, drawing the interest of open housing advocates wanting to include African Americans in this mix. Klutznick and most villagers resisted racial integration, but activists persisted, and by the mid-1960s, the suburb became an interracial community. The exhausting and intricate efforts to realize and sustain integration, however, demonstrated the struggles of the open housing campaign.

“Together We Can Build a Nation of Love and Integration”: The 1965 North Shore Summer Project for Fair Housing in Chicago’s Northern Suburbs

Chapter focuses on the largely ignored 1965 North Shore Summer Project, an open housing campaign that challenged discriminatory practices in the suburbs lining the lakeshore north of Chicago. It provides an overview of the context within which the Project took shape, documenting the roles of key figures in its formation and organisation, as well as the involvement of student volunteers. The chapter also discusses the local hostility encountered by those working as part of the Project, and the factors which led to its curtailment, notably the breakdown in government relations and a lack of black involvement. Despite the brevity of the campaign and its limited direct impact on segregation, it is nonetheless suggested that the North Shore Summer Project did leave an important legacy, insofar as it was successful in drawing attention to the issue of closed housing and, in turn, brought awareness of the racist implications of a housing problem to thousands of suburban residents. The Project’s role in the personal growth of its participants is also briefly explored.

The Movement Continues

This chapter depicts the continuing non-violent Civil Rights Movement and the continuous efforts of southern white ministers. In Washington, D.C., Randolph Taylor opened his church doors to participants in the March on Washington. In Chapel Hill, demonstrations led by Charles Jones, Clarence Parker, Robert Seymour and students from the University of North Carolina challenged restaurants and businesses that refused to serve and admit African Americans. In Louisville Thomas Moffett, Gilbert Schroerlucke, George Edwards, Grayson Tucker, and Bishop Charles Marmion marched and demonstrated for open housing. Demonstrations in Selma focused on voting rights, not an issue in Chapel Hill or Louisville, but in Selma, where brutality and murder occurred, it was dangerous to protest for anything. Both Chapel Hill and Louisville were locations of major educational institutions, which guaranteed the presence of liberal minded white sympathizers, but hundreds of outside sympathizers arrived in Selma to help demonstrate for voting rights.

Race and ethnicity I: Property, race, and the carceral state

In this report, I focus on property, particularly housing, as an essential race-making institution and consider its connections to the carceral state. I examine renewed attention to property within geography and some of the ways that scholars are engaging with property regimes as a means to theorize race. Situating property within the context of racial capitalism and critical carceral studies, I draw from struggles over segregation and open housing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to illustrate the linkages between the city’s housing crisis and policing. A robust body of literature documents the inseparability of race and crime, but I further contend that both are conjoined with the politics of residential property.