The Role of Witnesses in Humiliation: Why Does the Presence of an Audience Facilitate Humiliation Among Victims of Devaluation?

We examined the role that witnesses play in triggering humiliation. We hypothesized that witnesses trigger humiliation because they intensify the two core appraisals underlying humiliation: unfairness and internalization of a devaluation of the self. However, we further propose that witnesses are not a defining characteristic of humiliating situations. Results of a preliminary study using an event-recall method confirmed that witnesses were as characteristic of humiliating episodes as of those that elicited shame or anger. In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated the presence (vs. absence) of witnesses when a professor devalued participants and the hostile tone of this devaluation. As hypothesized, in both experiments, witnesses indirectly increased humiliation via the appraisal of unfairness. Results of Experiment 2 revealed that the presence of witnesses also interacted with hostility, enhancing humiliation. As expected, this moderating effect occurred via the other key appraisal of humiliation (i.e., internalization).

Evaluation of a Novel WeChat Applet for Image-Based Dietary Assessment among Pregnant Women in China

As an important part of antenatal care for pregnant women in China, dietary assessment plays a positive role in maternal and fetal health. Shortcomings in the associated methodologies require improvement. Our purpose was to develop a novel WeChat Applet for image-based dietary assessment (WAIDA) and evaluate its relative validity among pregnant women in China. Data on 251 lunch meals of pregnant women in their second trimester were analyzed. The differences in food weight, energy, and nutrient estimates by the dietary recall or WAIDA method with the weighing method were compared using paired t-tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlation between food weight, energy, and nutrient intake obtained from the recall or WAIDA method and those obtained from the weighing method. The Bland–Altman analysis was used to examine the agreement between the recall or WAIDA method and the weighing method for energy and nutrients. Compared with the weighing method, the variation range of food weight, energy and nutrients estimated by the WAIDA method was smaller and more stable than that estimated by the recall method. Compared with the recall method, the correlations suggested a better relationship between the energy and nutrient intakes from the weighing method and those estimated by the WAIDA method (0.752–0.970 vs. 0.480–0.887), which were similar to those of food weight (0.332–0.973 vs. −0.019–0.794). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean differences of the energy and nutrients estimated from the recall method were further away from zero relative to the weighing method compared to the WAIDA method and with numerically wider 95% confidence intervals. The spans between the upper and lower 95% limit of agreement (LOAs) of the energy and nutrients obtained by the WAIDA method were narrower than those obtained by the recall method, and the majority of the data points obtained by the WAIDA method lay between the LOAs, closer to the middle horizontal line. Compared with the recall method, the WAIDA method is consistent with the weighing method, close to the real value of dietary data, and expected to be suitable for dietary assessment in antenatal care.

One-week recall period gives a more accurate estimate of exclusive breastfeeding practice than 24-h recall among infants younger than six months of age

Background The World Health Organization recommends a 24-h recall period to estimate breastfeeding practice of mothers of infants aged younger than six-months. Though 24-h recall was preferred for its low recall bias and for practical reasons, it can overestimate exclusive breastfeeding practice (EBF). Validating this indicator will help account for the deviation from the true estimate. This prospective cohort study measured accuracy of the 24-h recall method and validates a week recall as an alternative approach for use in a small sample population. Method The study was conducted from March to April 2018 involving 408 mother-infant pairs living in Butajira Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS), Southern Ethiopia. Participants were prospectively followed for 14 consecutive days; where their breastfeeding practice in the past 24 h was measured daily. Exclusive breastfeeding prevalence estimate obtained using the 24-h recall method and recall periods spanning a varying number of days (short period recalls) was compared against the cumulative of the responses from a prospectively measured repeated 24-h recalls over the course of 14 days. McNemar statistics was used to assess statistical significance of the difference in the EBF prevalence estimates of the single 24-h recall and the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated to determine the level of accuracy. Receiver Operating Characteristics curve was used to measure the difference in performance between the two methods. Result The highest prevalence (71.4%) of exclusive breastfeeding practice was estimated using the single 24-h recall method whereas the lowest breastfeeding practice (47.1%) was obtained from a cumulative of 14 repeated 24-h recalls. A week recall (a recall over 7 days’ period), resulted in the smallest discrepancy in estimate (7.1%) as compared to cumulative estimate of 14 repeated 24-h recalls. Comparing against our reference standard, a week recall had 96.7% sensitivity and 83.5% specificity in estimating exclusive breastfeeding practice. Conclusions Using single 24-h recall method overestimated exclusive breastfeeding prevalence. However, a week recall gave an estimate close to the estimate from the standard method. A week recall has a potential to balance the tradeoff between the accuracy of EBF estimates and the resource implication of using multiple prospective measurements that have a proven superior accuracy.

Validation of improved 24-hour dietary recall using a portable camera among the Japanese population

Background The collection of weighed food records (WFR) is a gold standard for dietary assessment. We propose using the 24-h recall method combined with a portable camera and a food atlas (24hR-camera). This combination overcomes the disadvantages of the 24-h dietary recall method. Our study examined the validity of the 24hR-camera method against WFR by comparing the results. Methods Study subjects were 30 Japanese males, aged 31–58 years, who rarely cook and reside in the Tokyo metropolitan area. For validation, we compared the estimated food intake (24hR-camera method) and weighed food intake (WFR method). The 24hR-camera method uses digital photographs of all food consumed during a day, taken by the subjects, and a 24-h recall questionnaire conducted by a registered dietitian, who estimates food intake by comparing the participant’s photographs with food atlas photographs. The WFR method involves a registered dietitian weighing each food item prepared for the subject to consume and any leftovers. Food intake was calculated for each food group and nutrient using the 24hR-camera vs. weighed methods. Results Correlation coefficients between the estimated vs. weighed food intake were 0.7 or higher in most food groups but were low in food groups, such as oils, fats, condiments, and spices. The estimated intake of vegetables was significantly lower for the 24hR-camera method compared to the WFR method. For other food groups, the percentages of the mean difference between estimated vs. weighed food intake were -22.1% to 5.5%, with no significant differences between the methods (except for algae, which had a very low estimated intake). The correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.774 for energy, and 0.855, 0.769, and 0.763 for the macronutrients, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, respectively, demonstrating high correlation coefficients: greater than 0.75. The correlation coefficients between the estimated vs. weighed for salt equivalents and potassium intake were 0.583 and 0.560, respectively, but no significant differences in intake were observed. Conclusions The 24hR-camera method satisfactorily estimated the intake of energy and macronutrients (except salt equivalents and potassium) in Japanese males and was confirmed as a useful method for dietary assessment.

Comparison of commonly used dietary assessment methods in individuals without obesity

Purpose This study aims to compare commonly used dietary assessment methods in non-obese young adults. Design/methodology/approach This study was carried out on 22 females and 21 males, who were aged between 20 and 25, with no chronic diseases and were not obese or on any diet. The data was collected face to face. In this study, the authors evaluated the consistency of nonconsecutive three-day 24-h recall method (3 × 24HR), which was chosen as a reference for the determination of food consumption, with one-day 24-h recall method (1 × 24HR), three-day food record method (3 × FR) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which has been frequently used in food consumption research. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Bland–Altman graphs were performed in the statistical analyses to determine the association between dietary assessment methods. Findings When the data obtained from the food consumption records were evaluated according to reference method, it was found that the PCC was at moderate and higher level (mean r = 0.513 for 1 × 24HR; r = 0.564 for 3 × FR; and r = 0.452 for FFQ), and the mean ICC was 0.456 for 1 × 24HR, 0.557 for 3 × FR and 0.377 for FFQ. In addition, it was determined that energy and macronutrient values analyzed with Bland–Altman method were consistent with the reference method and that the other methods could also be used instead of the reference method. Under and over reporting was detected in all methods. The method with the highest accurate reporting was 3 × 24HR (72.1%) according to Goldberg standard. In FFQ method, accurate reporting is higher in males (p = 0.01); in other methods, it was determined that there was no significant difference by gender. Originality/value In this study, the consistency of the reference, 3 × 24HR method, with the other three methods was determined to be at a moderate and higher level and that they could replace each other according to characteristics of the participants.

Dietary deficiencies in middle-aged obese Polish men and women

Obesity predisposes to such health conditions, as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis. Poor diet is among the common causes of obesity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of macro- and micronutrients in obese Polish men and women in accordance with the recommended intakes. Two hundreds ninety seven obese men (BMI > 30) and 412 obese women, aged 45–65 years, participants of the population-based cross-sectional Polish National Multicenter Health Examination Surveys - WOBASZ (2003–2005) and WOBASZ II (2013–2014) were selected for the study. Nutritional data were collected using a single 24-hour dietary recall method. Nutrient content in the diet was calculated according to national tables of food composition and compared to the current dietary recommendations. Anthropometric measurements were recorded using standard anthropometric procedures. Descriptive statistics were used for the determination of means, standard deviations (SD), median, and for the percentage analyses of the macro- and micronutrient intakes. In men the average energy from fat was 37.8%, while in the women 35.5%, compared to 20–35% recommended, while for saturated fat it was 13.95% in men and 13.37% in women, compared to the recommended level of less than 10%. A low percentage of men (M) and women (W) implementing dietary recommendations for vitamin D (M = 3.03%, W = 0.97%), calcium (M = 9.09%, W = 7.52%), magnesium (M = 22.22%, W = 35.92%), saturated fats (M = 17.85%, W = 19.90%), folates (M = 22.90%, W = 14.08%) and dietary fiber (M = 31.31%, W = 18.45%) was found. The highest percentage of participants who consumed the recommended amounts was found in the case of iron (M = 95.62%, W = 84.22%). About 1 % of obese participants were on a weight-reducing diet, while 10% of men and 11% of women were on other diets (low-cholesterol, low-fat, diabetic). In this study energy intake from total and saturated fat was higher than the recommended level. This indicates the incorrect structure of energy in the meals of obese middle-aged people. The mean intake of dietary fiber was below the recommended 25 g/day both in men and women. An adequate fiber intake ensures better glycemic control, satiety and prevents constipation. A limitation of this study is the use of a 24-hour dietary recall method, that may not reflect long-term food consumption. Also obese people tend to underreport how much food they consume. However, in this study about one tenth of the participants reported that they are on a diet. This study showed that dietary deficiencies are common in middle-aged obese Polish men and women.

Pengaruh Konseling Gizi Pada Asupan Makan Remaja Obesitas Di Smp Kristen Woloan Kota Tomohon

Feeding intake is all types of food and beverages consumed by the human body food is also one of the very basic human needs because it affects the existence and survival of human today. This study aims to determine the effect of nutritional counseling on the intake of eating obese adolescents and to know the intake of food before and after counseling in SMP Kristen Woloan Tomohon.This type of research is a type of pre-experimental study with a pre-test design of one gramoup design. The number of samples used in this study were 20 respondents. Feed intake data was taken by first measuring the treatment in the study gramoup (pre-test) with a 24-hour recall method carried out 3 days, and providing nutritional counseling, and measured again after being given nutritional counseling treatment (post test) with a 3-day recall method . Data analysis using wilcoxon analysis From the results showed that energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, and carbohydrate intake experienced penuruna after being given counseling. Based on the results of statistical analysis using wilcoxon test ρ =0.000 (<0.05) which means there is influence counseling on feeding intake of adolescent obesity. Conclusion There is the influence of nutritional counseling on the intake of eating obese adolescents