Gene-Cultura: E o Problema da Influência do Ambiente na Evolução dos Seres Vivos

O objetivo do presente artigo é expor e discutir a problemática relação da influência da cultura e da determinação genética no processo de evolução dos seres vivos, em especial dos seres humanos. Para tanto, dentre os procedimentos metodológicos foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e descritiva, analisando aspectos de natureza biológica, social e antropológica. O artigo buscou fazer conexões com a natureza genética dos seres humanos e sua evolução e coevolução relativa a aspectos socioambientais e culturais. É possível depreender pela análise dos resultados que as sociedades humanas modernas apresentam um processo de construção que tem influências mais significativas da natureza sociocultural que genética, apesar de que esses fatores sempre serão indissociáveis.Palavras-chave: Cultura, gene-cultura, coevolução, sociobiodiversidade, sustentabilidade Gene-Culture: And the Problem of the Influence of the Environment on the Evolution of Living BeingsABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between the influence of culture and genetic determination on the evolution process of living beings, especially human beings. Therefore, among the methodological procedures, bibliographical and descriptive research was carried out, analyzing aspects of the biological, social and anthropological nature. The article sought to search with the genetic nature of human beings and their evolution and co-evolution related to socio-environmental and cultural aspects. It is possible to infer from the analysis of the results that modern human societies present a construction process that has more important influences of sociocultural nature than genetics, although these factors will always be inseparable.Keywords: Culture, gene-culture, co-evolution, sociobiodiversity, sustainability

Heterogenity of childhood absence epilepsies

Summary. In connection with the growing volume of scientific data on the genetic problems of generalized epilepsy in recent decades, the ambiguity of the therapeutic tactics and prognosis of this cohort of patients has become obvious based solely on the phenotypic characteristics of the patient. It is known that epilepsies with similar phenotypes show a different genetic nature, different pathogenesis of the development of epileptogenesis and response to therapy. The outcomes also differ, both in terms of seizure control and in terms of cognitive functions.The article presents an overview of the factors that must be taken into account when manifesting childhood absentee epilepsy: the child’s gender, types of seizures, cognitive profile, results of electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Attention is paid to the genes that determine the development of these forms of epilepsy in children.

The complex genetics of symbiotic extended phenotypes across environments in a model mutualism

A goal of modern biology is to develop the genotype-phenotype (G-P) map, a predictive understanding of how genomic information generates the organismal trait variation that forms the basis of both natural and managed communities. As microbiome research advances, however, it has become clear that many of these traits are governed by genetic variation encoded not only by the host's own genome, but also by the genomes of myriad cryptic symbionts. Thus many ecologically-important traits are likely symbiotic extended phenotypes, and this recognition adds even more complexity to our conceptions of the G-P map. In model symbioses such as the legume-rhizobium mutualism, host growth and fitness often depend on genetic variation in symbiont partner quality, and our ability to manipulate host and symbiont genotype combinations, combined with increasingly precise sequencing and mapping approaches, provides an opportunity to characterize the genetic nature of these symbiotic extended phenotypes. Here we use naturally-occurring genetic variation in 191 strains of the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Ensifer meliloti in four mapping experiments to study the genomic architecture of symbiotic partner quality within and across environmental contexts and host genotypes. We demonstrate the quantitative genetic nature of symbiotic extended phenotypes, including extensive context-dependency in both the identity and functions of symbiont loci that control host growth. We additionally resolve a core set of universal loci from populations in the native range that are likely important in all or most environments, and thus, serve as excellent targets both for genetic engineering and future coevolutionary studies of symbiosis.

Wetnurse Politics in Spenser’s View and Jones’ Arte and Science

This essay places Edmund Spenser’s View of the Present State of Ireland (1596) into conversation with John Jones’ 1579 nursing manual Arte and Science in order to contextualize Spenser’s medical solution to Irish rebellion. For both, the Irish wetnurse, who controlled the political system of fosterage undermining England’s agenda in Ireland, is central to the corporate identity of a conjoined Anglo-Irish kingdom. A View’s relationship to Jones’ text reveals the vexed ontological landscape of England’s early imperial self-fashioning, which linked the re-engineering of the genetic nature of colonial bodies to the management of women’s reproductive labor.

Pathophysiological rationale of the use of microRNA in cardioand oncological diagnostics (review)

Многочисленные попытки изучить и доказать генетическую природу большинства заболеваний привели к открытию новых маркеров, в роли которых выступает класс так называемых «малых рибонуклеиновых кислот (РНК)» или микроРНК. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются молекулярные механизмы сердечно-сосудистых и опухолевых заболеваний с участием микроРНК для возможного их использования в качестве диагностических и терапевтических мишеней. Numerous attempts to study and prove the genetic nature of most diseases have led to the discovery of new markers, which are the class of so-called “small ribonucleic acids (RNA)” or microRNA. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular and tumor diseases involving microRNAs and explores their possible use as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Genome-Wide Association Studies and Prediction of Tan Spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) Infection in European Winter Wheat via Different Marker Platforms

Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophoratritici-repentis (Ptr), is a severe foliar disease of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Improving genetic resistance is a durable strategy to reduce Ptr-related losses. Here, we dissected Ptr-infection’s genetic basis in 372 European wheat varieties via simple sequence repeats (SSRs) plus 35k and 90k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker platforms. In our phenotypic data analyses, Ptr infection showed a significant genotypic variance and a significant negative correlation with plant height. Genome-wide association studies revealed a highly quantitative nature of Ptr infection and identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL), viz., QTs.ipk-7A and QTs.ipk-7B, which imparted 21.23 and 5.84% of the genotypic variance, respectively. Besides, the Rht-D1 gene showed a strong allelic influence on the infection scores. Due to the complex genetic nature of the Ptr infection, the potential of genome-wide prediction (GP) was assessed via three different genetic models on individual and combined marker platforms. The GP results indicated that the marker density and marker platforms do not considerably impact prediction accuracy (~40–42%) and that higher-order epistatic interactions may not be highly pervasive. Our results provide a further understanding of Ptr-infection’s genetic nature, serve as a resource for marker-assisted breeding, and highlight the potential of genome-wide selection for improved Ptr resistance.

Soil-forming processes in profile textural-differentiated forest soils of the Cis-Carpathian region, Ukraine

Throughout the history of soil science development, one of the most controversial issues was the explanation of the genesis of the profile textural-differentiated soils influenced by forest vegetation and climate conditions within the Cis-Carpathian region, Ukraine. Scientists' views on the formation of the eluvial-illuvial, namely granulometric content, and profile differentiation have been and remain ambiguous due to the contradictory criteria of diagnosing the processes of eluvial soil degradation (lessivage, podzolization, eluvial-gleying process) and the almost similar results of these processes. The complexity and ambiguous interpretation of the genetic nature of the profile textural-differentiated soils of the Cis-Carpathian region necessitates the development of clear diagnostic criteria for revealing their genetic nature. The purpose of the work is to establish the diagnostic criteria of elementary soil-forming processes in profile textural-differentiated forest soils of the Cis-Carpathian region based on the analysis of data on soil properties previously collected by the authors. It has been established that in sod-podzolic soils formed under forest, the main profile-forming elementary process of soil formation is podzolization, which is characterized by the negative values of the eluvial-accumulative coefficients and the coefficient of change of the silicate part for the upper three horizons. The processes of lessivage and segregation are of little intensity in this type of soils. The main profile-forming elementary processes of soil formation in brown-podzolic soils (Neocambic Gleyic Retisols) are lessivage and inner soil argillization with little podzolization, the eluvial-gleying process and segregation effects. Keywords: forest soils, argillanes, neoplasms, ortsteins, podsolization, elementary soil-forming processes, Cis-Carpathian region

AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF KNOWING UNKNOWN DISEASE (ANUKTA VYADHI) W.S.R. TO THALASSEMIA

Thalassemia is the most common genetic disorder resulting from abnormality of Globin chain. It is the worldwide problem of today’s era and until no answer to any medical science. It is the challenging disorder for the scientist. The nature of the disease is genetic regarding this so many literatures available in the modern science but in Ayurveda has no answer for this disease. To add the new concept of disease Thalassemia (Anukta Vyadhi In Ayurveda), aim of study is to understand the unknown disease, the concept of Beeja, Beejabhaga and Beejabhagavayava should be clear because of its genetic nature of thalassemia. Charaka mentioned Aptopadesha method of examination, we can acquire knowledge as described by wise men, or Apta, use to understand a disease:

Hypotheses of genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of type 1 Chiari malformation

Relevance. The study of the genetic mechanisms of the Chiari malformation is based on the study of genes of a possible predisposition to this pathology in combination with environmental factors that form the pathogenetic chain of the disease. Objectives of the research — to analyze foreign and Russian publications. Based on the literature, study the hypothesis of the genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of Chiari malformation. Findings. Based on the data of domestic and foreign literature, one can judge a breakthrough in the study of the genetic nature of the Chiari malformation, however, there is still no consensus on the pathogenesis of this disease, the responsible gene causing the pathology also remains unidentified. Further study of the genetically determined mechanism of the malformation will help in an interdisciplinary approach for gene diagnostics and personalized prevention of the craniovertebral region pathology.