Ensuring effective transit of electrical energy using the laws of environmental cybernetics and the foundations of automatic control

The necessity of constant monitoring and maintenance of the environmental component in the organization of electric energy transit is substantiated. An original technique aimed at improving the efficiency of the functioning of the air electric network, based on the laws of environmental cybernetics and the basics of automatic control, is considered. The proposed scientific tools allow you to automatically monitor and control all processes that affect the efficiency of electric energy transit from the point of view of its environmental friendliness, and also allows you to form optimal regulatory influences aimed at stabilizing negative processes and disturbing factors arising inside the artificial electrobiological organism “Electric Line - Nature - Man”, which violate the stability of its ecological state.

Case Study- Real Time Downhole Telemetry CCL and Tension Compression, a Differentiator for Successful Manipulation of ICD's in Horizontal Wells

Horizontal well completions are often equipped with Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) to optimize flow rates across the completion for the whole length of the interval and to increase the oil recovery. The ICD technology has become useful method of optimizing production from horizontal wells in a wide range of applications. It has proved to be beneficial in horizontal water injectors and steam assisted gravity drainage wells. Traditionally the challenges related to early gas or water breakthrough were dealt with complex and costly workover/intervention operations. ICD manipulation used to be done with down-hole tractor conveyed using an electric line (e-line) cable or by utilization of a conventional coiled tubing (CT) string. Wellbore profile, high doglegs, tubular ID, drag and buoyancy forces added limitations to the e-line interventions even with the use of tractor. Utilization of conventional CT string supplement the uncertainties during shifting operations by not having the assurance of accurate depth and forces applied downhole. A field in Saudi Arabia is completed with open-hole packer with ICD completion system. The excessive production from the wells resulted in increase of water cut, hence ICD's shifting was required. As operations become more complex due to fact that there was no mean to assure that ICD is shifted as needed, it was imperative to find ways to maximize both assurance and quality performance. In this particular case, several ICD manipulating jobs were conducted in the horizontal wells. A 2-7/8-in intelligent coiled tubing (ICT) system was used to optimize the well intervention performance by providing downhole real-time feedback. The indication for the correct ICD shifting was confirmed by Casing Collar Locator (CCL) and Tension & Compression signatures. This paper will present the ICT system consists of a customized bottom-hole assembly (BHA) that transmits Tension, compression, differential pressure, temperature and casing collar locator data instantaneously to the surface via a nonintrusive tube wire installed inside the coiled tubing. The main advantages of the ICT system in this operation were: monitoring the downhole force on the shifting tool while performing ICD manipulation, differential pressure, and accurately determining depth from the casing collar locator. Based on the known estimated optimum working ranges for ICD shifting and having access to real-time downhole data, the operator could decide that required force was transmitted to BHA. This bring about saving job time while finding sleeves, efficient open and close of ICD via applying required Weight on Bit (WOB) and even providing a mean to identify ICD that had debris accumulation. The experience acquired using this method in the successful operation in Saudi Arabia yielded recommendations for future similar operations.

Maximizing Production by Perforating with Accurate Dynamic Underbalance Using Electric Coiled Tubing Offshore Egypt

This paper represents a challenging rig-less intervention in highly deviated wells with heavy oil that has always been a challenge to conventional electric line (e-line) that is not a valid intervention technique due to its inherent limitations in these harsh environments. Electric Coiled Tubing (E-CT) was utilized not only to achieve safer deployment of the guns, but also to allow real-time operations on three wells which were inaccessible due to heavy oil content and restricted e-line accessibility. A case study is presented for a campaign performed using E-CT to convey the perforating string while pumping nitrogen (N2) to lift the well and achieve flowing under-balance to maximize perforation clean-up and minimize skin. Real-time readings from gamma ray, pressure and temperature sensors were used to accurately position the guns, generate the desired dynamic underbalance, and finally validate successful detonation based on pressure and temperature responses. This was achieved while N2 lifting and firing the guns to optimize the required under-balance value providing immediate feedback related to the production gain to determine the zonal contributions and maximize the economical production gains. Dynamic wellbore behavior software modeling was also used to predict the dynamic under-balance effect for maximizing perforation efficiency. Deployment of E-CT was very challenging in terms of operational execution but was extremely beneficial for the safety of the pipe during such operations. A total of 13 runs comprising of milling, tubing cleaning and drifting were performed to remove the accumulated scales inside the production tubing and to ensure full accessibility to target intervals. Coiled Tubing (CT) dynamic modeling software was utilized to simulate the N2 rate needed to achieve the target underbalance while maintaining safe perforating parameters for the CT while firing the guns. As a result of software simulations, one of the three wells was then recommended for an acid wash treatment which achieved very effective results. 15 perforation runs were performed on the three wells re-perforating a total of 188 ft of interval, resulting in a production increase of more than 300%. This was a significant improvement compared to the previous campaign carried out in 2017 where perforating in static conditions showed no increase in production without work-over rig intervention. E-CT intervention also eliminated the need for waiting on rig schedule and avoiding deferred production.

Lead Application to Cure Sap Wells by Deploying Straddle Packer, Success Story

Objective/Scope The Increase of inactive wells due to subsurface integrity issue is observed in brown fields, Fig-1 is, showing the record for onshore UAE asset, the economic challenges is calling for alternative solutions to restore well integrity with lower cost. Straddle packer application is consists of two tandom packers with spacer pipe in between with anchoring system deployed riglessly in the well to isolate the communication point between Ann A and Tubing.Fig-2, Methods, Procedures, Process Communication between tubing and annulus A (Failure of primary barrier) is identified as the right candidate wells for straddle packer application, First step is to clearly identify the point of communication, it has been done by annulus pressure investigation excersize during flowing and shut in condition, observing the return of annulus fluid which was the same produced gas Noise log has been conducted and clearly identified the communication point at SPM (Side Pocket Mandrel) to be used for emergency killing, Tubing integrity test was conducted using nippless plugs and inflow test below and above the leak point and confirm no other leak points within the tubing Engineering drawing for the leaking assembly was reviewed to design the dimension of straddle packer assembly, length and packer size It is recommended to deploy the assembly using electric line correlation for accurate depth selection After setting annulus pressure observed no build up Well opened safely to production Results/Observation/Conclusion Leak point arrested, well primary barrier restored Removed from DWS (drilling and workover schedule) and restore well production in addition to improving inactive string KPI for Gas asset Save almost work over cost for gas well XX-197 Novel/ Additive information The way forward is to check the scalability of extending this application among other ADNOC assets and to screen the right candidate wells for this application To add this application as a part of well integrity procedures and recommendations for such like cases

Well Cutting Without Explosives with Multiple Cuts on a Single Run

Pipe cutting operations are often a critical part of stuck pipe situations, well interventions and plug and abandon operations which all need to remove cut sections of pipe from the well. Unlike traditional ‘blade’ style e-line cutters, which can jam under pipe compression or explosive pipe cutters, which need to dress-over the jagged cut by the rig, a new electric line mechanical cutter's unique design enables performance even if the pipe is under compression, in tension or is neutral. It can also perform multiple cuts in the same run, while creating a clean and machined cut with tool-entry friendly shape. This paper will describe the technology of the new generation cutter, present two case histories; one of multiple cuts of stuck drill pipe, per each run in hole, from Germany and one of a critical tubing cut from a subsea well in Nigeria, using electric wireline and tractor conveyed services for many tasks traditionally performed with coiled tubing in highly deviated wells. These "light vs heavy" solutions can often be done off-line from the rig.

Rigless Remote Intervention: A Case Study of Combo Unit Utilization in Mahakam Offshore East Kalimantan

Mahakam block has been producing for over 40 years and now is in declining phase. Daily drilling and well intervention operations are still actively carried out to sustain and prolong the natural decline curve. Efficiency measures are taken out in each and every aspect of operations to support the diminishing values. One of them is the reduction of offshore platform sizing. Future minimalist platforms have limited top deck space which will further be reduced by the prevalence of: 1. Fixed platform equipment (generators, crane, etc.), and 2. Hazardous area requirement for Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2. The future minimalist platform has a deck space area of approximately 221 m2, not yet taken into account said the reduction factors. The presence of the hazardous area and fixed equipment can reduce the free deck space availability down to 20% from the total deck space. These platforms are not originally designed with well intervention work in mind. However, the past 40 years proves that well intervention should never be left out when extending well’s lifetime is the objective. Well intervention unit, depending on the intervention type, requires top deck space from 26 m2 up to 92 m2 of free space, and an additional 3-4 m2 for lifting, means such as mast unit if the platform does not have a crane. Moreover, in a remote intervention mode, where no supporting barge is present, space requirement above the top deck became crucial as there is no alternative to back load unit to the barge incase the top deck beingover crowded. To support the continuity of remote intervention being more efficient alternative to barge-supported operation, the well intervention team initiates the feasibility study using combo unit as a replacement for conventional slickline and electric line unit. There are three types of combo unit presented in this paper, 1. Split Combo Unit, 2. Combined Drum Combo Unit, and 3. Digital Slickline Combo Unit. These types of unit can reduce the deck space requirement by 30%, reducing number of personnel needed from eight (8) to five (5) personnel in a single shift, improving operation timing efficiency, and improves the contract administration aspect. Despite the seemingly positive results, there are still issues to be resolved, both technical and non-technical, for combo unit to be an all-rounder solution for wireline work. This paper shall provide an early level observation and analysis for the feasibility of combo unit as remote well intervention unit, starting from the methodology to the corresponding results and lesson learnt.

Combined Effects of Pesticides and Electromagnetic-Fields on Honeybees: Multi-Stress Exposure

Honeybee and general pollinator decline is extensively reported in many countries, adding new concern to the general biodiversity loss. Many studies were addressed to assess the causes of pollinator decline, concluding that in most cases multi-stress effects were the most probable ones. In this research, the combined effects of two possible stress sources for bees, pesticides and electromagnetic fields (multi-stress conditions), were analyzed in the field. Three experimental sites were chosen: a control one far from direct anthropogenic stress sources, a pesticide-stress site and multi-stress one, adding to the same exposure to pesticides the presence of an electromagnetic field, coming from a high-voltage electric line. Experimental apiaries were monitored weekly for one year (from April 2017 to April 2018) by means of colony survival, queen activity, storage and brood amount, parasites and pathogens, and several biomarkers in young workers and pupae. Both exposure and effect biomarkers were analysed: among the first, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS); and among the last, DNA fragmentation (DNAFRAGM) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Results showed that bee health conditions were the worst in the multi-stress site with only one colony alive out of the four ones present at the beginning. In this site, a complex picture of adverse effects was observed, such as disease appearance (American foulbrood), higher mortality in the underbaskets (common to pesticide-stress site), behavioral alterations (queen changes, excess of honey storage) and biochemical anomalies (higher ALP activity at the end of the season). The overall results clearly indicate that the multi-stress conditions were able to induce biochemical, physiological and behavioral alterations which severely threatened bee colony survival.

Lineman Safety

Electrical accidents to lineman are rising during electric line repair due to lack of communication between the maintenance staff and electric line man. This proposed system provides a solution that ensures safety of electric lineman i.e., line man on detecting a fault in electric line the line man senses his finger in fingerprint scanner and the main line is switched off which is again switched on after solving the fault by again sensing his finger, thus it saves the life of lineman working on electric line. The proposed system is fully operated on Arduino.

Development of universal algorithm of voltage circuits detecting faults of microprocessor protection and automation devices

Reliability, along with response speed, sensitivity, and selectivity, is the key requirement for relay protection (RP) devices. The reliability of modern RP digital terminals is understood as protection operation for all estimated failure modes and failure of protection equipment to operate in all other modes, in which this protection is not provided. Analysis of the secondary voltage schemes and algorithms of detecting faults in these circuits reveals several disadvantages of the implementation of blocking in case of faults in voltage circuits. All existing algorithms and blocking schemes in case of faults in voltage circuits suffer from several disadvantages. In this regard, it is relevant to develop a universal relay protection terminal, which can be used with any types of voltage transformers. The MatLAB Simulink is used to simulate the primary failure of secondary circuits for the connection schemes of the voltage transformer load on phase and electric line voltages. The authors propose the algorithm that allows us to create a typical universal RP terminal, which can be used with any type of voltage transformers. To detect the neutral conductor interruption of the «star» circuits, it is proposed to create an artificial asymmetry at the input voltage circuits of the relay protection and automation (RPA) terminal and develop a group of fault detectors that analyze the position of the offset neutral on the voltage complex plane. Using a simulation model of various types of failure of voltage transformer secondary circuits and the logic diagram of the unit that implements the proposed algorithm, the authors graphically show that the detection of a break in the neutral wire is possible due to monitoring the zero-sequence voltage spike (triggering of the pulsed dU0 fault detector) with neutral displacement to the complex plane area, which is set by the setpoints. The results obtained allow us to implement a universal scheme of blocking faults in voltage circuits. This scheme does not depend on the voltage transformer secondary load connection method and exclude the disadvantages of existing solutions discussed in the article. This algorithm allows us to develop a typical universal RPA terminal. Due to its connection scheme and functional and logical implementation, this terminal can be used with any types of voltage transformer without reprogramming. Also, the proposed algorithm fully complies with the requirements of the current regulatory and legal documents.