Social Movements that Led to Social Transformation in Jammu and Kashmir During the British Rule

The article tries to examine and study the role of some of the Hindu social reform movements that came up during the British rule to transform, modernize, and uplift society by imparting modern or western education. The article studies their role in eradicating social evils like child re-marriage, dowry and sati among the Hindu community in Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to these elements, it also tries to enlighten the role of various Hindu reform movements in imparting education among all sections of society without any discrimination.

Muslim Women’s Social Movements in the Sahel

Since the 1990s, the countries of the Sahel have been experimenting with democratic systems that have resulted in both political pluralism with a gendered dimension and a renewed place for Islam in the public sphere. This chapter focuses on the emergence of critical Muslim women’s social reform movements advocating for women’s rights in the region. These movements manifest a diversity of Islamic and secularist trajectories and objectives. Strikingly, however, the majority converges on a common quest for gender justice against cultural and state patriarchy. Furthermore, they also display a range of responses to external hegemonic forces—including neoliberalism, local and global violent Islamist extremisms, human trafficking, and ethno-regional tensions. Starting with the politico-economic context within which many of these critical social movements have arisen in recent times, this chapter uses specific social frames—education, family law, arts, and entrepreneurship—to examine their strategies and transformative impacts in the Sahel.

Historical Study of Travancore -Cochin Social Relations: A Model to the Relationship between Native States during the British Period

Erstwhile Travancore and Cochin together form an integral part of sovereign India and associated themselves in a series of social endeavours. In the process of social formation, both the states underwent far-reaching changes. Travancore and Cochin, the neighbouring states; intermingled their culture and life from very long time. The social changes in Travancore directly or indirectly affected the Cochin states. While considering the relations of each State, there were diverse dimensions. Along with various disputes, they had maintained jovial relations with each other. Socially, economically and culturally they had irrevocable relations between them. Both the States had developed common art forms, performing arts, temple arts and religious festivals .From 1729 to 1949, social relations of Travancore and Cochin easily led to the formation of Travancore –Cochin Integration. The social reform movements of Travancore had great impact not only in Travancore but also in Cochin. Both states were the native states of British, maintained their own entity in their social relations. It is the model to other states. Ancient tradition of culture in the states helped to maintain a balanced and healthy social relation in the long run of its integration and finally formed as a modern State Kerala.

Visualizing Equality

The fight for racial equality in the nineteenth century played out not only in marches and political conventions but also in the print and visual culture created and disseminated throughout the United States by African Americans. Advances in visual technologies--daguerreotypes, lithographs, cartes de visite, and steam printing presses--enabled people to see and participate in social reform movements in new ways. African American activists seized these opportunities and produced images that advanced campaigns for black rights. In this book, Aston Gonzalez charts the changing roles of African American visual artists as they helped build the world they envisioned. Understudied artists such as Robert Douglass Jr., Patrick Henry Reason, James Presley Ball, and Augustus Washington produced images to persuade viewers of the necessity for racial equality, black political leadership, and freedom from slavery. Moreover, these activist artists’ networks of transatlantic patronage and travels to Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa reveal their extensive involvement in the most pressing concerns for black people in the Atlantic world. Their work demonstrates how images became central to the ways that people developed ideas about race, citizenship, and politics during the nineteenth century.

Life reform, educational reform and reform pedagogy from the turn of the century up until 1945 in Hungary

Since the end of the 19th century, the modernisation processes of urbanisation and industrialisation taking place in Europe and the transatlantic regions have changed not only the natural environment but also social and geographical relations. The emergence of modern states changed the traditional societies, lifestyles and private lives of individuals and social groups. It is also characteristic of this period that social reform movements appeared in large numbers – as a «counterweight» to unprecedented, rapid and profound changes. Some of these movements sought to achieve the necessary changes with the help of individual self-reform. Life reform in the narrower sense refers to this type of reform movement. New historical pedagogical research shows that in the major school concepts of reform pedagogy a relatively close connection with life reform is discernible. Reform pedagogy is linked to life reform – and vice versa. Numerous sociotopes of life reform had their own schools, because how better to contribute than through education to the ideal reproduction and continuity of one’s own group. Our work ties in with this pedagogical research direction. The background to the first part of the study is a long-term project aimed at promoting contacts in life reform and reform pedagogy in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and later in Hungary. In the second part we analyse the process up to 1945, in which the ideas of life reform and the elements of reform pedagogy were institutionalised and integrated into the official pedagogical guidelines of the Hungarian universities.

Becoming What You Eat: The New England Kitchen and the Body as a Site of Social Reform

Reformers at the turn of the century struggled to understand why people were the way they were and whether they could really be changed. The reformers behind the New England Kitchen (NEK), a dietary reform experiment in 1890s Boston that hoped to change working-class diets, dedicated much of its efforts to answering the question at the heart of all social reform movements: Were people's behaviors determined by biological or social factors? In the course of their work, these reformers came to understand the relationship between food and bodies as central to social reform and sought to use dietary reform to change working-class bodies. Their actions and ideas disrupt the neat categories historians have come to rely upon when discussing reformist thought and push us to embrace the messiness of ideas as they are being worked out. This article explores these messy ideas, using four conceptions of the body that emerged from the NEK efforts—the caloric body, the changing body, the citizen body, and the managed body—to make sense of ideas that were later taken up by the USDA and the Children's Bureau, as well as other reform efforts in the Progressive Era.

Building the Ideal

This chapter introduces the terminology of studying alternative communities and interrogates the terms utopian, communal, and intentional as applicable to the subject of the book. Finding "intentional communities" to be the preferred term, the chapter provides five qualities that are shared by all groups who may be defined as such. An overview of the types of communities prevalent in American history follows, including religious movements such as the Shakers and Harmonists, social reform movements such as the Oneida Community and Brook Farm, and socialist experiments such as the Kaweah Co-operative Commonwealth and Llano del Rio Cooperative. The chapter explains why company towns, residential institutions, and temporary communities are not intentional communities and provides justification for the geographic limitations of the volume.

THE PUBLIC AND THE PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP: A SAGA OF SUCCESS AND CHALLENGES IN THE EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF KERALA

Educational achievements in Kerala, India, includes near total literacy, free and universal primary education, low dropout rates, easy access to Higher education resulting in the exceptional social development and quality of life. It is often acclaimed as the ‘Kerala Model’ with reference to the whole education system in India. The initiatives by missionaries and princely regimes of Travancore and Cochin laid the foundation for education in Kerala. The social reform movements accelerated the spread of education. Large scale Government funding of education was an important factor behind the State’s educational development both in private educational institutions established by any person or agency and recognized by and is receiving aid from Government, and Government institutions established and maintained by State Government. This paper focuses on the unique partnership between the private and the public which paved way for the success of the ‘Kerala model’ of education in India along with its challenges and significance.Key words: public, private, partnership, challenges, educational landscapes