scholarly journals Life reform, educational reform and reform pedagogy from the turn of the century up until 1945 in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-176
Author(s):  
András Németh ◽  
Béla Pukánszky
Keyword(s):  
Research Direction ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Reform Pedagogy ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Social Reform Movements ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Life Reform ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the end of the 19th century, the modernisation processes of urbanisation and industrialisation taking place in Europe and the transatlantic regions have changed not only the natural environment but also social and geographical relations. The emergence of modern states changed the traditional societies, lifestyles and private lives of individuals and social groups. It is also characteristic of this period that social reform movements appeared in large numbers – as a «counterweight» to unprecedented, rapid and profound changes. Some of these movements sought to achieve the necessary changes with the help of individual self-reform. Life reform in the narrower sense refers to this type of reform movement. New historical pedagogical research shows that in the major school concepts of reform pedagogy a relatively close connection with life reform is discernible. Reform pedagogy is linked to life reform – and vice versa. Numerous sociotopes of life reform had their own schools, because how better to contribute than through education to the ideal reproduction and continuity of one’s own group. Our work ties in with this pedagogical research direction. The background to the first part of the study is a long-term project aimed at promoting contacts in life reform and reform pedagogy in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and later in Hungary. In the second part we analyse the process up to 1945, in which the ideas of life reform and the elements of reform pedagogy were institutionalised and integrated into the official pedagogical guidelines of the Hungarian universities.

Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Sokoto Caliphate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Last
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Sokoto Caliphate ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Established using a conventional Islamic model of government, the new Muslim state in Sokoto, known as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903), possessed eventually very large numbers of men, women, and children, taken captive (usually when children) in jihad from mainly non-Muslim communities, to serve as slaves. These slaves worked on farms or within households, they might be concubines and bear children for their owners; or they might be sold as children for export to North Africa in payment for the luxury imports the new elite wanted. Slaves were, under Islamic law, deemed “minors” or “half-persons,” and so had rights that differed from those of the free Muslim. By the end of the 19th century there were more slaves on the local markets than could be sold; exports of captives to North Africa had already dropped. For some captives enslaved as children, however, the career as a slave led eventually to high political positions, even to owning many slaves of their own. But slaves’ property, even their children, ultimately belonged to the slave’s owner. Revolts by male slaves were very rare, but escape was commonplace. Concubines, if they ever became pregnant by their owner, could not be sold again. The abolition of slavery c.1903 was slow to become a reality for many individual slaves, whether men or women.

scholarly journals Authors and Their ‘Mischievous’ Books: The Salutary Experience of Southey v Sherwood

Authorship ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
To Come

In the 1817 case of Southey v Sherwood Lord Eldon LC denied an injunction against the pirating of Robert Southey’s potentially ‘mischievous’ Wat Tyler, setting the tone for judgments in cases to come. The judges’ approach gave little account to the concerns of the authors whose interests in controlling their pirates lay in preserving their reputations and maintaining their livelihoods. The upshot was that the pirates prospered, large numbers of possibly seditious, blasphemous, defamatory and obscene books were published in England, and authors and judges were publicly excoriated. Eventually, judges had to reconsider their failed approach while authors looked for new ways to control their status and sources of income – as well as formulating some sharper distinctions between their public and private lives.

Foreign Travelers’ Accounts and Fanny Calderón de la Barca’s Life in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Parra Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arbitrary Section ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Calderón De La Barca

Foreign travelers arrived in large numbers in Mexico, especially after Mexican War of Independence, to see the country and access its commercial potential. Each of them talked about the Valley of Mexico, its richness and human diversity. The way these travelers wrote about their “gazes” over this valley—in particular Fanny Calderón de la Barca—is key to understanding the politics of their trips. After their initial viewing, foreign travelers described the Mexican social and political situation as ripe for exploitation and improvement. Despite the fact that these travel accounts consider only an arbitrary section of the Mexican reality, affected by the bias and life history of each writer, they offer valuable material in their portrayal of Mexican society at that time. Hernán Cortés and Alexander von Humboldt’s views of the Mexican Valley were highly influential for the subsequent foreign travelers who went to Mexico during the 19th century, mainly from the United Kingdom, central Europe, and the United States. The work of Fanny Calderón de la Barca, and her gaze as it falls upon the Valley of Mexico, reflect the politics of mid-19th-century Mexico.

The type status of collections made by Adolfo Moller and Francisco Quintas in the floras of São Tomé and Príncipe

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 425 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
ESTRELA FIGUEIREDO ◽  
GIDEON F. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Numbering System ◽  
Label Data ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Work Done

The numbering systems used by Júlio Henriques when specimens were prepared for distribution as donations or for determination from the Herbarium COI (Coimbra, Portugal) are addressed, with particular emphasis on the collections made by Adolfo Moller and Francisco Quintas on São Tomé and Príncipe in the 19th century. The conflicting numbers and label data that are found on these collections have been the source of considerable confusion in determining what constitute duplicates, and in many cases the type status of such collections. An understanding of the administrative methodology and numbering system used by Henriques is critical in taxonomic studies on the flora of São Tomé and Príncipe and adjacent areas, as the early collections inevitably included large numbers of type specimens. Previous work done by Arthur Exell to address the issue is analysed and explained, and examples are presented.

“So that Every Subject Knows How to Behave”: Social Disciplining in Early Modern Bohemia

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheilagh Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Political Economic

“Social disciplining” is the name that has been given to attempts by the authorities throughout early modern Europe to regulate people's private lives.1 In explicit contrast to “social control,” the informal mechanisms by which people have always sought to put pressure on one another in traditional societies, “social disciplining” was a set of formal, legislative strategies through which the emerging early modern state sought to “civilize” and “rationalize” its subjects' behavior in order to facilitate well-ordered government and a capitalist modernization of the economy.2 Whether viewed favorably as an essential stage in a beneficent “civilizing process” or more critically as an arbitrary coercion of popular culture in the interests of elites, social disciplining is increasingly regarded as central to most aspects of political, economic, religious, social, and cultural change in Europe between the medieval and the modern periods.3

scholarly journals Impf-Alltag im 19. Jahrhundert

Gesnerus ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Mathias Steinmann
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
General Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Health Movement ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Health Movement

This study describes the vaccination practices in a rural area in Switzerland in the 19th century. Using reports of the vaccinating physicians and records of the local authorities a differentiated picture of the interests and behaviors of the involved social groups was obtained. Efforts at compulsory vaccination were counteracted by a variety of factors like shortage of vaccine, opposition by the people on the grounds of interference with private lives and mistrust in modern medicine and academically trained physicians, and even reservation by the vaccinating physicians themselves. Nevertheless, the practice of vaccination became a significant factor in the general process of me- dicalization, thus improving the position of the medical profession and fur-thering the public health movement by strengthening the bonds between me-dical knowledge and state power.

scholarly journals Dorothy Wordsworth’s Journals of Scotland: The Creation of the Romantic Author

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
Gillian Beattie-Smith
Keyword(s):  
William Wordsworth ◽  
Samuel Taylor Coleridge ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
James Boswell ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Dorothy Wordsworth ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The 19Th Century

The increase in popularity of the Home Tour in the 19th century and the publication of many journals, diaries, and guides of tours of Scotland by, such as, Samuel Johnson and James Boswell, led to the perception of Scotland as a literary tour destination. The tour of Scotland invariably resulted in a journal in which identities such as writer, traveller, observer, were created. The text became a location for the pursuit of a sense of place and identity. For women in particular, the text offered opportunities to be accepted as a writer and commentator. Dorothy Wordsworth made two journeys to Scotland: the first, in 1803, with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the second, in 1822 with Joanna Hutchinson, the sister of Mary, her brother’s wife. This paper considers Dorothy’s identity constructed in those Scottish journals. Discussions of Dorothy Wordsworth have tended to consider her identity through familial relationship, and those of her writing by what is lacking in her work. Indeed, her work and her writing are frequently subsumed into the plural of ‘the Wordsworths’. This paper considers the creation of individual self in her work, and discusses the social and spatial construction of identity in Dorothy’s discourse in her journals about Scotland.

scholarly journals Problem obcości: opozycja Rosja–Europa w kulturze rosyjskiej (XI–XIX w.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Marek Jedliński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article analyzes the historical perspective of the formation of the opposition “friend or foe” in the Russian culture from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Binary thinking has a universal dimension: it is present in every culture, particularly in traditional societies (in this case it is the opposition Russia–Europe). Hostility towards strangers is already noticeable in the Ruthenian tribes. The outsiders were seen as savages, as animals, and even as evil forces. It relates to the perception of the symbolic center of the world.  It is recognizable in the work of Hilarion and the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

scholarly journals Penalties and incentives in the school regulations of the Bulgarian and Greek educational institutions in Varna of the 70s of the 19th century to the 20s of the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 32-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veselin Dimitrov Mihalev
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Educational Impact ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pedagogical Literature

The problem of the application of the system of penalties and incentives in the Bulgarian and Greek schools in Varna is not sufficiently researched in the scientific and pedagogical literature, because of that, in some school regulations are given only penalties to students, and the incentives are hardly affected. In the current article an attempt is made for the source of knowledge in pedagogical research of archival historical documents in the Bulgarian language and in the Greek language, proving the school’s practice of educational institutions surveyed penalties and incentives of the students. The study aims to outline, on the one hand, the scope of the diversity and, on the other hand, the various forms of educational impact associated with their application during the researched period.

Conservation and the Holy Grail: The Story of the Night Parrot

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham H Pyke ◽  
Paul R Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Holy Grail ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Australian Birds ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Night Parrot Pezoporus occidentalis, known from just two specimens and with no confirmed sightings for just over 100 years, and having declined from being one of the most widespread of Australian birds, has surely been amongst the most enigmatic birds of the world and deservedly the ʻholy grailʼ for many birders. Amazingly, a population of this species has recently been re-discovered by John Young and the ʻquestʼ is over, but swift action is now required lest the ʻgrailʼ slip from our grasp. Steps must be taken to protect and manage the newly-located population, and to better understand the biology of the species and the reasons for its widespread decline. Much of this decline occurred before the end of the 19th century and must therefore have resulted from broad factors associated with earlier landscape changes, such as cat predation and altered fire regimes. Searches for additional Night Parrot populations also seem warranted. Progress toward these goals would benefit from acceptance of the reasonable accumulation of ʻunconfirmedʼ observations of the species and further utilizing the large numbers of ʻamateurʼ birders who would doubtless be keen to be involved. We suggest that the Night Parrot should now be viewed as an ʻiconʼ for conservation, possibly even an ʻindicatorʼ for how successful we are in terms of conservation in general. With his discovery of the Night Parrot, John Young has thus made a significant contribution to conservation, opening a new realm of necessities and possibilities.

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