Origins of translation and simulation in terms of theory and practice: Translation of Muhammad Iqbal's Urdu and Persian poetry in Arabic as a model

Translation has a great importance in the development of human sciences in every age. First, we examine the theories of writers and critics mentioned in the translation and simulation. Translator must know the function of the symbolic language that differs from the metaphors and similes. Translation is the best way to enrich the languages in which the literatures are formulated, which must be in constant contact with what human thought offers, and the writer or translator must take a position of criticism and scrutiny. The translator must not forget that he does not convey the meanings of words only, but also conveys the cultural spirit and emotional life of the era in which these texts were composed. Finally, this article studies the subject of translating the poetry by the poetry and makes the translation of Muhammad Iqbal's poetry from Urdu and Persian into Arabic as a model for studying the translated works of various Arab poet translators as the theory and application, in order to know the extent of the success of the translators in their works. This is a critical study in which the descriptive analytical method is used, which is useful in studying such expressive arts. In this research, the researchers reached this conclusion that the translation of the poetry by the poetry should not be to show the linguistic and artistic prowess, but rather the language used in translation should be a realistic language studies that there are some souls behind the word that must be realized.

The Art of Composing a Formal Letter from the Perspective of Qur’anic Literature: The Case of King Solomon’s Letter to Queen Sheba

This article aims at juxtaposing King Solomon’s letter to Queen Sheba with contemporary way of composing formal letters. King Solomon’s letter was a harbinger of the relation that was later to exist between him and the Queen of Sheba, Bilqis. By the clearer ray of discerning from the Qur’anic literature, the article demonstrate King Solomon’s insights and intuitions in composing letters, just as it reveals the Qur’anic literary superiority and a proof of continuity in composing formal letters as a means of correspondence from antiquity to date. The article reveals an existence of a narrow track running a white parallel between King Solomon’s letter to Queen Sheba and contemporary way of writing formal letters. Methodologically, the article employs a comparative analytical approach by drawing on the findings of texts revolving around composition of letters to prove its stated thesis

Linguistic Gender in Arabic, a Theoretical and Analytical Study

This study aims to discuss the phenomenon of masculinization and feminization in Arabic. It seeks to explore the syntactic features that distinguish masculinization and feminization; and their reflections on old Arabic dialects and Qur’anic modes of recitation. Moreover, the study examines the social dimension of the phenomenon of masculinization and feminization, and the effect of the linguistic gender on the Arabic sentence structure. Using the descriptive approach, the syntactic theory confirms that a significant distinction exists between the masculine and feminine references in many syntactic categories such as demonstratives, relative pronouns and verbal predicates. Grammarians’ perception of masculinization as a source, and feminization as a subdivision is firmly rooted in the Arabic culture; emanating from the belief that the masculine is the original creature. Grammarians, therefore, posit that the masculine does not need markers, unlike the feminine. Qur’anic modes of recitation differed in dealing with this phenomenon depending on the reference of the pronoun. Grammarians have employed the rule of meaning to make sentences agree with the masculinization and feminization rules.

The Problem of Writing and Representations of Modernity, Postmodernism and Beyond: A Critical Reading in the Novel “Mao II” by Don DeLillo

The American novelist, Don DeLillo, wrote the novel, Mao II (1991), which uses selfhood and identity to foreground the modern/postmodern vision of human nature as a tabula rasa that is constructed by language, society, and culture. This study argues that while the novel’s protagonist, Bill Gray, represents DeLillo’s modernist tendencies, as the character desires to maintain authentic individualism during a fierce struggle with his culture’s collective mindlessness, DeLillo also describes an ambiguous character, whose life and works complexly exhibit and engage with postmodernist features. Jeffry Nealon’s approach to post-postmodernist literature and post-humanist scholarship are utilized in this analysis to provide a clearer understanding on the convergence of these components. Gray is examined as a manifestation of post-postmodernist tendencies, who ultimately reflects the emerging role of embodiment in contemporary cultural discourse. This study not only elucidates the fundamental changes that society currently faces but also provides a closer reading of the novel and its protagonist by incorporating forms of selfhood and identity that extend beyond reductive modernist and postmodernist conceptions to carry elements of post-postmodernist literature.

The Suitable Symbol for Arabic Phoneme (‘Ayn) in Roman Writing System

Arabic romanization systems consist of written symbols that have been approved by international organizations, to represent Arabic phoneme in Latin alphabet. These systems aim to enable people pronounce Arabic phoneme without depending on Arabic letters. Despite of the international recognition on these systems, there are some clashes on the symbols used to represent phoneme ‘Ayn in Arabic, as there are four different symbols to represent phoneme ‘Ayn which are (ʿ), (‘), (ʕ) and (3). Therefore, this study aims to identify the suitable symbol for Arabic phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system based on Arabic for International Communication’s students’ perception, that might ease the process of teaching students at beginner level. This study applies qualitative research method, by using questionnaire to find out the most suitable symbol for phoneme ‘Ayn among the students. Results of the study shows that there are three aspects that affect students’ perception toward suitable symbol for Arabic phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system. The findings suggest that the symbol used by the student for phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system is (‘) whereas the most suitable symbol for phoneme ‘Ayn is (3). This study is hope to benefit Arabic language learners to overcome difficulties in writing Arabic phoneme in Roman writing system, especially phoneme ‘Ayn.

Muhammad ‘Afifi Maṭar and the effective influences in his poetry

This study aims to introduce the poet Muhammad Afifi Maṭar through his life and upbringing, because of the importance of forming the personality of the writer and imprinting his qualities. The writer is the son of his environment, affected by it and affects it, and we cannot understand any literature unless we put it in its societal and historical context. It was necessary for the rural environment in which Rain grew up with its simplicity and diversity, and Egypt and the successive major events that it witnessed to cast a shadow on the poet, polish his poetry and sharpen his ideas. The study also aims to identify the most important effective influences in his poetry: poverty, his position on authority, alienation and imprisonment. These influences reflected the nature of political, social, intellectual and cultural life during the historical period in which the poet Muhammad Afifi Maṭar lived. The study relied on more than one method to achieve the desired results. It adopted the historical method in introducing the poet, his life and the most important events he lived through. And the descriptive analytical method to study the effective influences in his poetry by describing and analysing them through models of his poetry. The study reached several results, including: Poet Muhammad Afifi Maṭar was affected by the Egyptian village life, including its customs, traditions and beliefs. He portrayed with great depth and sincerity the suffering of the people of his village from poverty and need. His position on the authority embodied the image of the Arab intellectual in the face of it.

The Picture of Da’wah Islamiyyah in the Poem of Abdullah Ibn Rawwahah

Abdullah Ibn Rawahah is considered one of the poets of the Prophet, peace, and blessings of God, who uses his poetry to defend Islam and the Messenger as well as Muslims in general especially after he embraced Islam. He did not only strive with the sword, but he also uses his words and poetry as a platform to spread the Islamic Da’wah. His talent and spontaneity in writing poems had influence Muslims especially in terms of preparing them for the war and encouraging them not to surrender in spreading Da’wah. However, there is not so much studies that focus on the creativity of Abdullah Ibn Rawwahah, especially those studies that analyze the content of his poems, even though he influenced this literary arena extensively. Hence based on this basis this study aimed to analyze some of the poem of Abdullah Ibn Rawwahah which to highlight his creativity in spreading the Islamic Da’wah through his influential words. This research used descriptive and analytical method, by which it analyzes the characteristic of Islamic Da’wah in some of his beautiful chosen poems. The study found that the studied poems exactly contain the messages of the Islamic Da’wah, and behind his aesthetic poems, there are the four main purposes of spreading the Islamic Da’wah which are; firstly, describing specific events and mentioning the polytheists, secondly, mentioning the Messenger and massages of Islam, thirdly is remembering death and fourthly is encouraging Muslims to strive in wars

Arabic Literature of Travelogue in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ishaq Ayyub Baba-Oye’s Poems

The art of travelogue is one of the Arabic literary trends in Nigeria, as scholars admired it since the twentieth century by writing poetry or prose, due to its aim at imparting the knowledge of geographical descriptions, historic facts and societal development in the readers and documenting the scholars’ experiences from various travels which could be for the acquisition of ascetic, cultural, diplomatic and socio-economic values, The main objectives of the study were to determine the extent at which the selected literary works of Is-haq Ayyub Baba-Oye, as a case study, met the requirements of the art of travelogue with contents analysis. The selected poet, is considered as one of the admirers of the art of travelogue, as proven by his two literary works on travels to Ngala-Maiduguri of Nigeria and Cairo of Egypt Republic. The methodology adopted is both historical and descriptive. It is historical by presenting the background of the art of travelogue in the Nigerian Arabic literature, then identification of scholars involved, followed by the biography of the poet. It is descriptive, as contents of selected works were unveiled while discourse analysis of the artistic and critical features was handled with formative and thematic measures. It was noticed that the author did the justice to the genre to his best capability, therefore, the work is recommended for readers for the benefits of the contents and embellishments.

Sanctifying Microstructure in the Qur’anic Discourse: A Contextual Study

This research is an analytical analysis of Surat Al-Baqarah Verse No. 214, with an explanation of its situational context. This study aims to demonstrate the aspects of contextual analysis and its continuous horizons that are provided not only by the macro-structure of discourse, which is represented by default rules and semantics of rhetorical terms, but also by the micro-structure of discourse, which is represented by default rules and semantics of rhetorical terms. We recognize the perspectives, distinctions, and elements that are employed in lighting the discourse to impair the speaker's goals in order to achieve the eloquence of persuasion, communication, and comprehension through the micro-structure of discourse.

Media Expectations; The Rhetoric of Persuasive Speech

The goal of this study is to look into the concept of persuasive rhetoric from the perspective of current realism and life expectations. In the past, Arab scholars used communication and comprehension philosophy as an effective means of understanding and comprehending through accurate awareness of the eloquence of persuasive discourse; thus, they initiated, developed, and engaged with it through the concept of the terms; “the signification of the word on the meaning” or “the signification of the signifier (Ad-daal) on the eloquence of persuasive discourse.” The argument applies to awareness and understanding of some of the circumstances, relationships, events, and conditions surrounding the persuasive discourse, as well as awareness of similar emergency conditions through explicit and implicit interpretation, making the persuasive discourse a necessary outlet for reporting and persuasion between the sender and the addressee. As a result, this current study contributes to the study of Arabic rhetoric from the perspective of mental attribution or mental importance, employing persuasion and informative techniques