A retrospective model of the domestic development of debt relations and the establishment of criminal liability in the field of repayment of overdue debts

The work is a historical and legal study of domestic sources of criminal legislation, including the study of the dynamics of the emergence of debt relations, as well as the consideration of issues related to countering crimes committed in the field of repayment of overdue debts in our state. The main result of the research was the developed model of the author in an illustrative form, which can be of value not only as a scientific development, but also be used in the educational process.

The arrival, establishment and spread of a highly virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri strain in farmed tilapia, Oreochr omis spp.

Edwardsiella ictaluri is an emerging bacterial pathogen that affects farmed tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.). This study reports the arrival, establishment, and widespread findings of E. ictaluri in farmed tilapia in Vietnam. Among 26 disease outbreaks from 9 provinces in Northern Vietnam during 2019–2021, 19 outbreaks originated from imported seeds, while outbreaks in seven farms were from domestic sources. Clinically sick fish showed the appearance of numerous white spots in visceral organs, and accumulative mortality reached 30%–65%. Twenty-six representative bacterial isolates recovered from 26 disease outbreaks were identified as E. ictaluri based on a combination of phenotypic tests, genus- and species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays, 16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. All isolates harbored the same virulence gene profiles esrC, evpC, ureA-C, eseI, escD, and virD4. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 80.8%–100% of isolates were multidrug resistant, with resistance to 4–8 antimicrobials in the groups of penicillin, macrolides, sulfonamides, amphenicols, and glycopeptides. The experimental challenge successfully induced disease that mimicked natural infection. The median lethal doses (LD ) of the tested isolates (n = 4) were 42–61 colony forming units/fish, indicating their extremely high virulence. This emerging pathogen is established and has spread to various geographical locations, causing serious impacts on farmed tilapia in northern Vietnam. It is likely that this pathogen will continue to spread through contaminated stocks (both imported and domestic sources) and persist. Thus, increased awareness, combined with biosecurity measures and emergent vaccination programs is essential to mitigate the negative impact of this emerging disease on the tilapia farming industry.

Examination of postgraduate thesis studies on teachers working in the field of special education in Turkey (2000-2020)

The aim of this research was to examine graduate thesis studies conducted in the field of special education in Turkey about special education teachers in terms of various variables. In the thesis scanning center of the Council of Higher Education Center (YOK), it was determined that 89 graduate thesis studies in the special education field were conducted. Yet, due to the reason that six of them did not have access permissions, 83 graduate thesis studies were examined. Of the postgraduate thesis examined, 79 of them are master's and four are doctoral dissertations. As a result of the research, it was determined that most of the graduate thesis studies were conducted in 2019. Moreover, when the distribution of universities is examined it has been observed that most of the graduate thesis were studied at Necmettin Erbakan University and Marmara University, and most of the thesis advisor titles are Assist. Prof. Dr. It was concluded that most of the postgraduate thesis were carried out in the Special Education Department and when the methods used in the studies were examined, it was noted that the quantitative method was preferred the most. Considering the research models used in the studies, it was concluded that the correlational survey model was used the most and the sources used in the graduate thesis were mainly domestic sources.

Pengaruh Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Jumlah Sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Regional Kota Payakumbuh

Restrictions on community activities during the Covid-19 pandemic have an impact on the amount of waste a city produces. This study aims to analyze the amount of incoming waste at the Payakumbuh Regional Final Processing Site (TPA) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, analyze the impact of the pandemic on waste sources and provide recommendations for waste management during the pandemic. Data on the amount of waste entering the TPA was obtained from measurements of waste at the weighbridge before the pandemic (February – March 2020) and during the pandemic (April – May 2020). The analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the source of the waste is based on the results of interviews with truck drivers and analysis of truck routes. The results showed a decrease in the amount of waste transported to the landfill by 11.15% during the Covid-19 pandemic. The average amount of waste before the pandemic was 237.36 tons/day, while during the pandemic is 210.90 tons/day. The decrease in the amount of waste is due to restrictions on community activities outside the home with the implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy. The implementation of PSBB policy during the pandemic caused a decrease in the amount of waste from institutional, commercial and city service facilities by 29.48-50% and an increase in domestic sources by 21.22%.

Doctrine of methods of interpretation of legal norms formed in the case law of the Court of Justice

The doctrinal approaches to the definition of methods and principles of interpretation of legal norms applied by the Court of Justice of the EU are analyzed. The traditional and special methods of interpretation inherent in integration justice are singled out. The dynamics of changes in the approaches to the interpretation of legal norms in the decisions of the Court of Justice of the EU after the signing of the Lisbon Treaty is described. Scientific approaches to defining the concept of interpretation of legal norms contained in domestic sources are analyzed. Foreign sources on the methods of interpretation of the law by the Court of Justice of the EU have been studied. The article analyzes several European publications written at different times before the signing of the Lisbon Treaty and established, which primarily draws attention to authors who have subjected the theological method of interpretation, and very few sources that influence the justification of methods or principles of their application by the Court. It can be concluded that the tendency of European scholars to emphasize the importance of the theological method of interpretation was related to their views on the constitutional nature of the Treaties and legal considerations about the need to adopt the EU Constitution. Such conclusions correlate with the limited jurisdiction of the Court of Justice, as before the signing of the Lisbon Treaty not all provisions of secondary legislation were interpretable (in particular, visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to the movement of persons). on the constitutionality of the Treaties, although their form and content have become even more similar to constitutional acts, without losing a clear functional statement of provisions. Since then, the case law of the Court of Justice has been characterized by a variety of methods of interpretation, and European doctrine by publications that have re-substantiated the system of methods and paid more attention to their detailed analysis, making each of these methods autonomous and collectively interchangeable.

The Domestic Sources of Grand Strategy

Over the past decades of American-dominated International Relations, research on domestic sources of grand strategy has largely coalesced around the liberal ends of democracy and free trade. Given increasing Sino-American competition, this chapter predicts a turn to a more robust International Relations research program on the role that domestic ideas and material factors play in shaping grand strategy. This research will focus as much on the means of grand strategy as the ends. Much work already examines how democracy (and nondemocracy) can drive grand strategy, and important states in contemporary international politics differ on this front. On the other hand, almost all the major powers in the international system remain quite liberal in their international economic relations—the other concern of research on domestic influences on grand strategy. This chapter delves further into the grand-strategic role of regime type and the form of capitalism practiced within the state. It then suggests two additional under-researched domestic-level factors—militarism and nationalism—that will shape grand strategy in the coming years.

A quantitative analysis of sources of changes in government expenditures on health, 2000 to 2015: what can we learn from experience to date?

Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires increased domestic financing of health by low-income countries (LICs) and middle-income countries (MICs). It is critical to understand how much governments have devoted to health from domestic sources and how much growth might be realistic over time. Methods: Using data from WHO’s Global Health Expenditure Database, we examined how the composition of current health expenditure changed by financing source and the sources of growth in health expenditures from 2000-2015 across different income groups. We disaggregated how much growth in government expenditures on health from domestic sources was due to economic growth, growth in government spending as a share of GDP, and reallocations in government expenditures towards health. Results: Lower MICs (LMICs) and upper MICs (UMICs), as a group, saw a significant reduction in out-of-pocket expenditures and a significant growth in government expenditures on health from domestic sources as a share of current health expenditures over the period. This trend indicates likely progress in the pathway to UHC. For LICs, these trends were more muted. Growth in government expenditure on health from domestic sources was driven primarily by economic growth in LICs, LMICs, and UMICs. Growth in government expenditure on health due to increased government spending as a share of GDP was high in UMICs. For the high-income country group, where economic growth was relatively slower and government spending was already high with strong tax bases, the largest driver of growth in government expenditure on health from domestic sources was reallocation of the government budget towards health. Conclusions: Dialogue on domestic resource mobilization needs to emphasize overall economic growth and growth in the government spending as a share of GDP as well as the share of health in the government budget.

3. Domestic Sources of Law: Case Law

This chapter continues the discussion of sources of domestic law, focusing on material produced by the courts through cases. It covers the reporting of cases, the hierarchy of courts, legal principles, and the operation of precedent. The courts operate a system of precedent known as stare decisis (‘let the decision stand’). The type of precedent set depends on the court sitting, with the most complicated rules occurring in the Court of Appeal. As a general rule of thumb, the court setting the precedent will bind every court below it but the real question is under what circumstances that court is bound by itself.