Emotional Intelligence Measures: A Systematic Review

Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage emotions. Current research indicates that it may protect against the emotional burden experienced in certain professions. This article aims to provide an updated systematic review of existing instruments to assess EI in professionals, focusing on the description of their characteristics as well as their psychometric properties (reliability and validity). A literature search was conducted in Web of Science (WoS). A total of 2761 items met the eligibility criteria, from which a total of 40 different instruments were extracted and analysed. Most were based on three main models (i.e., skill-based, trait-based, and mixed), which differ in the way they conceptualize and measure EI. All have been shown to have advantages and disadvantages inherent to the type of tool. The instruments reported in the largest number of studies are Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), Schutte Self Report-Inventory (SSRI), Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test 2.0 (MSCEIT 2.0), Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), Wong and Law’s Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). The main measure of the estimated reliability has been internal consistency, and the construction of EI measures was predominantly based on linear modelling or classical test theory. The study has limitations: we only searched a single database, the impossibility of estimating inter-rater reliability, and non-compliance with some items required by PRISMA.

Narrative-Based Intervention and Emotional Intelligence in Female Children

Children share their emotional experiences through narratives, and high-quality narratives are beneficial for their wellbeing and development. This research investigated whether narrative-based interventions in the school context can increase children's emotional intelligence (EI). It tested three intervention settings' effect in their oral and written narrative elements: 1) oral co-narration, 2) literary narrative, and 3) Merging co-narrating and literary narrative. The sample consisted of 91 female Iranian students (age = ±12), who were selected randomly to these three intervention groups where they received a two-month training and one control conditions with treatment as usual. The Emotional Quotient inventory, the youth version (EQ-i: yv) test, was used to measure the students' EI levels before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated that oral and written narrative have different effects on student’s EI. The results revealed a significant increase in the EI score among children who participated in the oral co-narrating group and merged co-narrating and literary narrative intervention group. In contrast, the literary narrative intervention was not effective enough to increase children's EI. In conclusion, oral and written language modes and their merged narrative elements are crucial when tailoring effective school-based interventions to impact students' EI with language minority. Educators need to apply the oral and written narrative elements in their instructional design of the EI interventions considering the narrative style of students. In particular, oral language as the developmentally and socio-culturally appropriate tool can involve student's more with making sense of text and thereby support the learning process in EI interventions.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME MAIN CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONALIZATION

The article presents the results of the theoretical and comparative analysis of the scientific psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem of studying the main approaches to the operationalization of emotional intelligence. In particular, a brief description of the main components of the most well-known methods of measuring emotional intelligence is provided: the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test developed by J. Mayer, P. Salovey and D. Caruso, the self-report tests “Emotional Quotient Inventory” by R. Bar-On and N. Schutte with colleagues’s Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, D. Gowlman’s Emotional Competence Inventory, K. Izard’s Emotional Knowledge Test, R. Cooper’s “EQMap” for interpersonal success model, K. Petrides and E. Furnham’s “Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire” test, N. Hall’s method of assessing emotional intelligence, D. Lusin’s “EmIn” questionnaire, etc. The relevance of the study of the main aspects of methods of measuring emotional intelligence is due to the need to clarify the structure of this phenomenon and include it in the system of personal characteristics, as well as the influence of ambiguity of the role of emotional intelligence in educational activities. Based on the comparative characteristics of the main components of the most famous methods of measuring emotional intelligence, an attempt was made to conceptualize the main approaches to its operationalization. Emphasis, in particular, is made on the comparison of the main criteria by the differentiation of emotional intelligence as a trait and emotional intelligence as ability. The results of the analysis are important for further studies of this phenomenon. As the analysis of scientific and psychological approaches to the problem of operationalization of emotional intelligence has shown, there is a need to personalize tests of emotional intelligence in accordance with students’ requests and their problems, to study the features of intercultural validity of emotional intelligence. A promising area of ​​study of emotional intelligence is also the study of its relationship with metacognitive strategies. In particular, the theoretical-methodological and empirical principles of studying emotional intelligence in the context of metacognitive monitoring of students’ learning activities are relevant.

Pengaruh Kepimpinan Instruksional, Kecerdasan Emosi dan Personaliti Guru Besar Terhadap Prestasi Kerja Guru Sekolah Rendah di Sabah

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan dan pengaruh kepimpinan instruksional, kecerdasan emosi dan persoaliti guru besar terhadap prestasi kerja guru sekolah rendah di negeri Sabah. Seramai 419 orang responden telah dipilih dalam kalangan guru dari lima puluh buah sekolah rendah di negeri Sabah yang dipilih secara rawak menggunakan kaedah pensampelan rawak berstrata. Data Kajian diperoleh menggunakan soal selidik tertutup mengandungi 88 item yang diubah suai daripada instrumen Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS), Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-S), Emotional Spiritual Quotient (ESQ), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) dan prestasi kerja oleh Iran Herman dan Fatimah Wati Halim. Data kajian dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Packages For Social Sciences. Ujian Korelasi Pearson bagi ketiga-tiga variabel menunjukkan wujud hubungan signifikan secara positif dengan prestasi kerja guru. Analisis regresi menunjukkan ketiga-tiga variabel turut memberi pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja guru. Berdasarkan data empirikal yang dibincangkan, kajian ini boleh dijadikan panduan oleh semua pihak yang terlibat secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam bidang pendidikan dan penyelidikan dalam meningkatkan prestasi kerja guru di sekolah rendah. Abstract This study aimed to identify the relationship and effects of instructional leadership, emotional intelligence and headmaster’s personality towards primary schools teachers’ job performance in Sabah. A number of 419 respondents from 50 primary schools in Sabah were chosen randomly using Stratified Random Sampling method. The results gained using closed questionnaire that contained 88 items which was modified from Principal of Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS), Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-S), Emotional Spiritual Quotient (ESQ), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) and job performance by Iran Herman and Fatimah Wati Halim. The data was analysed using Statistical Packages For Social Sciences. Thus, Pearson Correlation Test for the variables showed that there are significant positive connection with teacher’s job performance. The regression analysis also showed that all the variables has significantly affect the teacher’s job performance. In regard of the empirical data as discussed, this study could be used as a guide by party of interest in the field of educations or studies to improve teacher’s job performance in primary school.

Emotional intelligence profiles at the end of primary education and academic performance

Emotional intelligence (EI) has been one of the topics with the most repercussion in the last decades in the fields of psychology and education, but its relationship with the academic performance of students has generated a lot of controversy in scientific research. The objective of the present study was to check the EI profiles of students when they finished primary school, and if there were any differences in the grade point average (GPA) between the EI profiles. The sample consisted of 1253 students (681 males; 572 females) from Tenerife (Spain) in the 6th grade of primary education, with an age range between 10 to 13 years old. The students’ EI was evaluated with the Emotional Quotient Inventory Young Version (EQi-YV). Academic performance was obtained from end-of-course grades. Cluster analysis identified the existence of five EI profiles at the end of primary education. There were no statistically significant differences in the GPA between the five groups of students, and trait EI had no influence on performance. These findings are in line with other research that questions the existence of a significant positive relationship between trait EI and academic performance.

Validation of the Bar-On EQ-i: YV (S) Inventory in Its Spanish Version: Gender-Based Invariance Analysis

The purpose of this work is to verify the factorial structure and analyze the reliability of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Youth Version (YV) (S) by evaluating emotional intelligence in a more extensive sample of Spanish adolescents than has been used to date, since this inventory has been employed in various studies but with a very limited number of participants. For this study, 5292 adolescents from all over Spain participated—male (51.2%) and female (48.8%) secondary education students between 11 and 19 years old, with an average age of 14.33. Data analysis included a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability analysis, and model invariance as a function of gender. The CFA confirms that the data empirically support the theoretical model and that the goodness-of-fit indexes are adequate. The reliability analysis of the inventory presents a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total scale of 0.76, and reliability indexes for each of the factors range between 0.63 and 0.80. The findings show that the model indicates invariance related to gender.

Effect of carbamazepine on emotional intelligence and mindfulness in patients with partial epilepsy

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of carbamazepine on emotional intelligence and mindfulness in patients with epilepsy. Method: The repeated-measure case-control study was conducted at the Nishter Hospital, Multan, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, and Civil Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, from April 2017 to March 2018, and comprised patients with partial epilepsy and healthy controls. Baseline data was collected using BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised. Subsequent data was collected twice in titration and maintenance phases during carbamazepine therapy for patients, while the controls were on no medication. . Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 80 subjects, 40(50%) were cases with a mean age of 37.92±9.09 years, and 40(50%) were controls with a mean age of 37.80±9.00 years. The patients had significantly lower emotional intelligence and mindfulness compared to the controls (p<0.001). Patients showed improved emotional intelligence and mindfulness after the therapy compared to their baseline scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Carbamazepine was found to be effective in improving emotional intelligence and mindfulness in patients with epilepsy. Key Words: Epilepsy, Carbamazepine, Mindfulness, Cognition, Continuous...

Nivel de inteligencia emocional y su relación con el desempeño laboral en ejecutivos que trabajan en aislamiento durante el periodo de confinamiento por Covid19, Lima 2020

El estudio se planteó como propósito identificar la relación existente entre el nivel de “inteligencia emocional” (IE) y “desempeño laboral” (DL) en ejecutivos que trabajan en aislamiento social durante el confinamiento por Covid-19. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, correlacional, No experimental al limitarse a examinar los hechos sin interferir en las variables. De corte transversal, puesto que recolectó evidencia en un momento específico y único. Conformaron la muestra 115 ejecutivos, del sector comercial (75) y del sector financiero (40), seleccionados mediante muestreo No probabilístico Intencional. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Inventario de Coeficiente Intelectual IC-BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory y Cuestionario de Rendimiento laboral individual de Koopmans. El “alfa de Cronbach” IE(0.961) y DL(0.929). Se obtuvo un “Rho de Spearman” (0.655), determinando “relación positiva moderada”, con un “pvalor=0.000 <0.05”. Se determinó “relación directa y significativa” entre la IE y el DL, en los ejecutivos que trabajan en confinamiento por COVID-19, Lima 2020.

Differential item functioning analysis of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) across gender and age groups

There has been a heated debate on emotional intelligence (EI) and, more particularly, on the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) measuring all dimensions of emotional intelligence. To ensure measurement equivalence of EQ-i, the present article evaluated whether statements phrased in EQ-i questionnaire have equivalent meaning across respondents, regardless of their sex and age group membership. For 2,078 participants, three EI subscale (item 50 in reality testing, items 4 and 19 in stress tolerance, and items 7, 52, and 82 in interpersonal) for age groups had clinically significant Differential item functioning (DIF). So previous observed associations between EI and age might be misleading and deserve further study after removing or replacing DIF items.

Emotions as Predictors of Life Satisfaction among University Students

Emotional management is a decisive factor in building stimulating environments for the comprehensive development of individuals. In this study, 338 students enrolled in education degrees (n = 338), with an average age of 22.88 years (±5.50), participated. The following instruments were used: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEI-S), Trait Meta Mood Scale 24 (TMMS 24) and Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi-C). The objective was to determine the complementarity of certain dimensions of EI that predict greater life satisfaction based on the multivariate statistics of structural equations. The multi-group model obtained good structural validity (χ2 = 103,729; RMSEA = 0.078; GFI = 0.917; CFI = 0.942; IFI = 0.943). In addition, significant correlations were found between life satisfaction and all dimensions were included in the emotional intelligence instruments used (p < 0.01). In terms of gender, we found that women had higher scores in all EI dimensions, in contrast to life satisfaction, where men had higher scores. The findings suggest the importance of working emotions in future educators to become satisfied and effective professionals.