Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.

The development of a wax layer on the interior wall of a circular pipe transporting heated oil: the effects of temperature-dependent wax conductivity

In this paper, we develop and significantly extend the thermal phase change model, introduced in Needham et al. (QJMAM 67:93–125, 2014), describing the process of paraffinic wax layer formation on the interior wall of a circular pipe transporting heated oil, when subject to external cooling. In particular, we allow for the natural dependence of the solidifying paraffinic wax conductivity on local temperature. We are able to develop a complete theory, and provide efficient numerical computations, for this extended model. Comparison with recent experimental observations is made, and this, together with recent reviews of the physical mechanisms associated with wax layer formation provide significant support for the thermal model considered here.

Preparation of Colored Microcapsule Phase Change Materials with Colored SiO2 Shell for Thermal Energy Storage and Their Application in Latex Paint Coating

This article reports the design and manufacture of colored microcapsules with specific functions and their application in architectural interior wall coating. Utilizing reactive dyes grafted SiO2 shell to encapsulate paraffin through interfacial polymerization and chemical grafting methods, this experiment successfully synthesized paraffin@SiO2 colored microcapsules. The observations of surface morphology demonstrated that the colored microcapsules had a regular spherical morphology and a well-defined core-shell structure. The analysis of XRD and FT-IR confirmed the presence of amorphous SiO2 shell and the grafting reactive dyes, and the paraffin possessed high crystallinity. Compared with pristine paraffin, the thermal conductivity of paraffin@SiO2 colored microcapsules was significantly enhanced. The results of DSC revealed that the paraffin@SiO2 colored microcapsules performed high encapsulation efficiency and desirable latent heat storage capability. Besides, the examinations of UV-vis and TGA showed that the paraffin@SiO2 colored microcapsules exhibited good thermal reliability, thermal stability, and UV protection property. The analysis of infrared imaging indicated that the prepared latex paint exhibited remarkable temperature-regulated property. Compared with normal interior wall coatings, the temperature was reduced by about 2.5 °C. With such incomparable features, the paraffin@SiO2 colored microcapsules not only appeared well in their solar thermal energy storage and temperature-regulated property, but also make the colored latex paint coating have superb colored fixing capabilities.

KAJIAN PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SEMEN EKSPOS SEBAGAI FINISHING DINDING INTERIOR TERHADAP PSIKOLOGIS PENGGUNA RUANG

The use of exposed cement materials as wall finishing lately is in great demand and is becoming a designtrend at the moment. Many property buildings ranging from commercial buildings such as cafes, restaurants,to hotels to residential buildings such as houses, apartments and condos use exposed cement as one ofthe interior wall finishing. Exposed cement as wall finishing is usually associated with industrial designstyles. In Indonesia, exposed cement is applied as finishing material after bricks. Using exposed cementas wall finish that nowadays has been trending in architecture and interior applicants gives a differentambience of space, home or building yet still economically acceptable. The using of exposed cement aswall finish are close to the using of industrial style. As known, industrial style is an interior architecturedesign style that adopting industries elements such as the using of metal, bricks and pipe material thenbe exposed on purpose. Industrial style has color palette such as black and greyish. Therefore the usingof exposed cement as wall finish often used in industrial design style. However with the popular use ofexposed cement as wall finish does not mean that it can freely acceptable in all situations, because it canaffect the comfort of the room user.

Residual Efficacy of Fludora® Fusion Against Anopheles Arabiensis in Simple Huts in Ethiopia

Emergence and spread of malaria vectors resistant to the available insecticides required a new and efficacious insecticide. Residual efficacy of Fludora® Fusion was evaluated against insecticide susceptible Anopheles arabiensis in ten circular huts similar to the residential huts. Fludora® Fusion WP-SB 562.5, FICAM WP80 and Clothianidin WG70 were sprayed, by experienced technician, on interior wall surfaces: paint, dung, smooth mud, and rough mud. WHO cone bioassays were carried out a month after spraying and thereafter on monthly intervals for 12 months. Knockdown was recorded at 60 minutes and mortality at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours holding time post-exposure. Fludora Fusion induced 100% An. arabiensis mortality during the first four months post-treated on all surface types at 24 hours holding time post-exposure. Its activity remained over 80% from the fifth to the twelfth month post-treated on the surfaces with the exception of two assessment points, at seventh month and eleventh month, on paint and smooth mud surfaces. FICAM induced 100% mortality rate during the first 4 months and 92% mortality during the fifth month post-treatment on painted surfaces. Its activity was over 96% mortality 1-month post-treatment on smooth mud and rough mud surfaces and 92% mortality 2-month post-treatment on dung surfaces. Clothianidin caused 89% and 86% mortality 1-month post-treatment on smooth mud and rough mud surfaces. Fludora Fusion can be used as alternative indoor residual insecticide spraying against An. arabiensis in Ethiopia. However, the insecticide shall also be tested in residential houses prior to employing at a larger scale.