scholarly journals Precipitation impacts on earthen architecture for better implementation of cultural resource management in the US Southwest

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlot Hart ◽  
Kara Raymond ◽  
C. Jason Williams ◽  
Justin Johnson ◽  
Jacob DeGayner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Cavity Depth ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Interior Wall ◽  
The Impact

AbstractChanging seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. This study examines the impact of changing rainfall patterns on untreated adobe walls to understand how damage occurs and anticipate future impacts. To complete the study, we constructed 20 adobe test walls. Using a portable rain simulator, each wall was subjected to two rainfall experiments: high-intensity rainfall simulations (rain intensity variable) and low-intensity rainfall simulations (rain event number variable). Wall-degradation metrics (material loss, volume loss, affected surface area, and cavity depth) were calculated for each wall using pre- and post-simulation LiDAR scans. Internal wall moisture was also measured with embedded volumetric water content sensors. In the high-intensity experiment, the lines of best-fit for material loss and affected surface area show that surface erosion increases with rain intensity, while cavity depth remains consistent. Linear models and post-hoc tests indicate material loss and affected surface area is significantly different for each high-intensity rainfall treatment. Furthermore, the interior of each wall remained relatively dry demonstrating that rain intensity is not a strong predictor of interior wall moisture. In the low-intensity rainfall experiment, the rainfall simulations yielded statistically similar erosion and interior wall moisture results. Greater infiltration occurred under low-intensity long-duration rain conditions, while greater surficial damage occurred under high-intensity rain conditions. In conclusion, changing weather regimes are bringing more intense rainfall events to the arid American Southwest. This study suggests that more frequent high intensity rain events will cause increasing damage to adobe walls. Resource managers will need to adapt current management strategies to account for this change.

scholarly journals Therapist Characteristics and their Effect on Training Outcomes: What Counts?

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Branson ◽  
Roz Shafran
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Clinical Skill ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Therapist Characteristics ◽  
Training Outcomes ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

Background:Evidence exists for a relationship between individual characteristics and both job and training performance; however relationships may not be generalizable. Little is known about the impact of therapist characteristics on performance in postgraduate therapist training programmes.Aims:The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the grades of trainee Low-Intensity and High-Intensity cognitive behavioural therapists and individual characteristics.Method:Trainee Low-Intensity (n= 81) and High-Intensity (n= 59) therapists completed measures of personality and cognitive ability; demographic and course grade data for participants were collected.Results:Degree classification emerged as the only variable to be significantly associated with performance across assessments and courses. Higher undergraduate degree classifications were associated with superior academic and clinical performance. Agreeableness was the only dimension of personality to be associated (positively) with clinical skill. Age was weakly and negatively associated with performance.Conclusions:Relationships between individual characteristics and training outcomes are complex and may be context specific. These results could have important implications for the selection and development of therapists for Low or High-Intensity cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) training.

scholarly journals Impact of Single Bout of Physical Exercise on Adolescents’ Strength and Balance Abilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Kreivėnaitė ◽  
Vytautas Streckis ◽  
Sandra Raizgytė ◽  
Asta Lileikienė
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Body Balance ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Impact

Background. There is evidence of physical exercise effect on the adolescents’ balance and strength; however it is not known how aforementioned variables respond to physical exercise with different loads and intensities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the impact of single bout of physical exercise of different intensity on adolescents’ body balance and muscular strength.Methods. Thirty healthy, physically active 11–13-year-old adolescents were randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Both groups performed single bout of physical exercise of high- or low-intensity climbing up and down-stairs. Postural sway and maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were assessed before and after physical exercise. Results. No statistically significant impact of low or high intensity exercise was found at adolescents’ MVC. High intensity exercise influenced bigger postural sway with eyes closed compared to eyes open ( p < .05). After high-intensity exercise there was a significantly greater postural sway with eyes closed than with eyes open (p < .05). Conclusions. High and low intensity physical exercise had no impact on the adolescents’ maximum voluntary contraction, whereas high intensity exercise deteriorated body balance with eyes closed.Keywords:  adolescence, physical exercise, MVC, balance

Does Polarized Training Improve Performance in Recreational Runners?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker Muñoz ◽  
Stephen Seiler ◽  
Javier Bautista ◽  
Javier España ◽  
Eneko Larumbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
The Impact

Purpose:To quantify the impact of training-intensity distribution on 10K performance in recreational athletes.Methods:30 endurance runners were randomly assigned to a training program emphasizing low-intensity, sub-ventilatory-threshold (VT), polarized endurance-training distribution (PET) or a moderately high-intensity (between-thresholds) endurance-training program (BThET). Before the study, the subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine VT and respiratory-compensation threshold (RCT), which allowed training to be controlled based on heart rate during each training session over the 10-wk intervention period. Subjects performed a 10-km race on the same course before and after the intervention period. Training was quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones: zone 1 (low intensity, <VT), zone 2 (moderate intensity, between VT and RCT), and zone 3 (high intensity, >RCT). The contribution of total training time in each zone was controlled to have more low-intensity training in PET (±77/3/20), whereas for BThET the distribution was higher in zone 2 and lower in zone 1 (±46/35/19).Results:Both groups significantly improved their 10K time (39min18s ± 4min54s vs 37min19s ± 4min42s, P < .0001 for PET; 39min24s ± 3min54s vs 38min0s ± 4min24s, P < .001 for BThET). Improvements were 5.0% vs 3.6%, ~41 s difference at post-training-intervention. This difference was not significant. However, a subset analysis comparing the 12 runners who actually performed the most PET (n = 6) and BThET (n = 16) distributions showed greater improvement in PET by 1.29 standardized Cohen effect-size units (90% CI 0.31–2.27, P = .038).Conclusions:Polarized training can stimulate greater training effects than between-thresholds training in recreational runners.

scholarly journals Response of Fungal Communities to Fire in a Subtropical Peatland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqing Tian ◽  
Hongjun Wang ◽  
Rytas Vilgalys ◽  
Mengchi Ho ◽  
Neal Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Fungal Abundance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose: Wildfire, an increasing disturbance in peatlands, could dramatically change carbon stocks and reshape plant/microbial communities, with long-lasting effects on peatland functions. Soil fungi are important in controlling the belowground carbon and nutrient cycling in peatlands; however, the impact of altered fire regimes on these fungi is still unclear. Methods: Here we assessed fungal abundance, composition, and diversity across four soil depths (0–5 cm, 6–10 cm, 11–15 cm, 16–20 cm) under low-intensity and high-intensity fire in a subtropical peatland in the southeastern USA. Results: Low-intensity fire significantly increased fungal Shannon diversity and the saprotrophic fungal composition in the 0–5 cm soil layer immediately and then retracted within 2 years. Such hump-shaped pattern, however, were not observed in deeper soils. The dominant fungal class Archaeorhizomycetes declined initially and then returned to pre-low-intensity fires levels at 0–5 cm depths. Time since low-intensity fire was a primary driver of fungal composition in the 0–10 cm soil depth, while geographical distance among sites affected the deeper soils (11–20 cm). The fungal Shannon diversity failed to recover to the unburned state even after 30 years after high-intensity fire, especially in 6–20 cm soil depths. Stratification patterns of the fungal community was diminished by high-intensity fire. Soil properties (either phenolics or carbon) were the primary drivers in shaping fungal community reassembly after high-intensity fire across all soil depths. Conclusion: Collectively, the fungal communities seem to be highly resilient to low-intensity fire, but not to high-intensity fire in our shrub bog peatlands.

scholarly journals Conditioning Intensity and Probability of Live Birth after Blood or Marrow Transplantation (BMT): a BMTSS Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Balas ◽  
Lindsey Hageman ◽  
Jessica Wu ◽  
Liton Francisco ◽  
Elizabeth Schlichting Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Exposure Variable ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Conditioning Intensity ◽  
The Impact

We examine the impact of conditioning intensity (low intensity: non-myeloablative/reduced intensity vs. high intensity: myeloablative) and total body irradiation (TBI) on the probability of live birth after blood or marrow transplantation (BMT). Study participants were drawn from the BMT Survivor Study (BMTSS), and included 1,607 survivors transplanted 1974-2014 at age ≤45, with survival ≥2y post-BMT and age at study ≥18. Closest-age, same-sex biologic siblings (n=172) were 1:1 matched with 172 survivors. Survivors and siblings self-reported information on sociodemographic, chronic health conditions, and pregnancies. Within survivor analysis: The association between the primary exposure variable (No TBI/low-intensity conditioning; 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning; No TBI/ high-intensity conditioning; &gt;800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning) and the odds of no post-BMT live birth was examined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clinical and demographic variables. Median age at BMT was 31y (IQR=0-45), and median length of follow-up was 14.3y (IQR=2.4-41.4); 39.3% were autologous BMT recipients and 46.6% were female. Overall, 120 (8.7%) survivors reported post-BMT live births. Receipt of &gt;800cGy TBI/ high-intensity conditioning (OR=3.7, 95%CI=1.9-7.0; ref: no TBI/low-intensity conditioning) was associated with higher odds of reporting no live birth post-BMT. In contrast, 200-800cGy TBI/low-intensity conditioning (OR=1.3, 95%CI=0.5-3.3), and no TBI/high-intensity conditioning (OR=0.9, 95%CI=0.5-1.7) were at similar risk of reporting post-BMT live birth as no TBI/low-intensity conditioning. Comparison with biologic siblings: Using conditional logistic regression, we found that BMT survivors were more likely to report no live birth (OR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.2-3.3) compared with siblings. These findings could inform conditioning intensity options for patients wishing to preserve fertility post-BMT.

Does intensity of induction chemotherapy affect the impact of measurable residual disease (MRD) on prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7031-7031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jamie Hochman ◽  
Megan Othus ◽  
Carole Shaw ◽  
Kelda Gardner ◽  
Mary-Elizabeth M. Percival ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induction Chemotherapy ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplant ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Impact

7031 Background: Absence of MRD in first complete remission (CR1) of AML decreases the probability of subsequent relapse both in patients given more (e.g. “7+3” or FLAG) or less (e.g. azacitidine) intense induction. Although high-intensity induction seems to increase the chance of CR without MRD, it is unknown whether induction intensity affects outcomes beyond eradication of MRD. Methods: We retrospectively studied adults with newly diagnosed AML or MDS with 10-20% blasts who received induction at the University of Washington from 2008 through 2015. Induction was classified as high or low intensity, CR defined by standard criteria, and marrow MRD by presence of blasts on multiparameter flow cytometry within 1-2 weeks of CR. Post-remission therapy in 10 patients included allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Multivariate regression analysis examined the independent effects of age, initial cytogenetics (favorable, intermediate, adverse), performance status, de novo vs secondary AML, induction intensity, and MRD on post-CR outcomes. Results: 217 patients received high- and 38 low-intensity induction. 75% of the former vs. 42% of the latter achieved CR without MRD. Although high-intensity therapy was associated with longer overall survival (OS), this difference disappeared after accounting for the above covariates (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.58 – 1.52, P = 0.8) and OS was poor regardless of chemotherapy intensity if MRD was present. Multivariate analysis found no interaction between the presence or absence of MRD and induction intensity (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.4 – 2.29, P = 0.9). Conclusions: Receiving high-intensity induction chemotherapy does not appear to confer a separate advantage in long-term outcomes once CR without MRD is achieved, at least in patients mostly not receiving HCT. We are currently including more such patients who received HCT. Our results suggest that any effect of high-intensity induction largely reflects its association with a higher probability of achieving an MRD-negative CR.

Use of Ultrasonic Cavitation in Surface Cleaning: A Mathematical Model to Relate Cleaning Efficiency and Surface Erosion Rate

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramamurthy Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Field ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Semiconductor Wafer ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Ultrasonic Cleaning ◽  
The Impact

Ultrasonic cleaning, employing frequencies in the range of 40-200 kHz, is widely used in many industries requiring precision cleanliness in the micrometer to submicron particle size range—e.g., semiconductor wafer fabrication, hard disk drive manufacturing, and integrated circuit assembly. One overriding concern with the use of ultrasonic cleaning for delicate components and assemblies has been the specter of cavitation erosion—surface material loss and other functional degradation due to the impact of shock waves generated by collapsing bubbles and bubble clusters in an oscillating acoustic field. The simultaneous processes of surface cleaning and surface erosion in the presence of a high-frequency ultrasonic field (⩾ 58 kHz) are described here mathematically, and the equations are coupled to allow conceptual optimization of parametric settings to maximize cleaning efficiency while minimizing the level of erosion damage. This theoretical analysis is presented for various ultrasonic field conditions (frequency, intensity, etc.), fluid medium properties (viscosity, density), and surface conditions (hardness, smoothness, etc.). The contribution of acoustic streaming to surface cleaning is incorporated in the model, and is shown to have minimal influence on the optimum cluster collapse pressure, but to have a significant effect on the net cleaning efficiency for the surface.

Inhibition rather than Enhancement of Hemostatic System Activation during Initiation of Oral Anticoagulant Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (04) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A Kyrle ◽  
Johannes Brockmeier ◽  
Ansgar Weltermann ◽  
Sabine Eichinger ◽  
Wolfgang Speiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant Treatment ◽  
Shed Blood ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Hemostatic System ◽  
System Activation

SummaryCoumarin-induced skin necrosis is believed to be due to a transient hypercoagulable state resulting from a more rapid decline of the protein C activity relative to that of coagulation factors (F) II, IX and X during initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy. We studied hemostatic system activation during early oral anticoagulant treatment with a technique that investigates coagulation activation in the microcirculation.We determined in 10 healthy volunteers the concentrations of prothrombin fragment F1+2 (f1.2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) in blood emerging from an injury of the microvasculature (bleeding time incision) before and after initiation of both high-inten- sity and low-intensity coumarin therapy. In addition, f1.2, TAT, activated F VII (F Vila) and the activities of FII, F VII, F X and protein C were measured in venous blood.A rapid decline of F VII and protein C was observed in venous blood with activities at 24 h of 7 ± 1% and 43 ± 2%, respectively, during the high-intensity regimen. A 20 to 30% reduction of f1.2 and TAT was seen in venous blood at 72 h with no major difference between the high- and the low-intensity regimen. F Vila levels were substantially affected by anticoagulation with a >90% reduction at 48 h during the high-intensity regimen. Following high-intensity coumarin, a >50% decrease in the fl.2 and TAT levels was found in shed blood at 48 h suggesting substantial inhibition of thrombin generation during early oral anticoagulation. An increase in the f1.2 and TAT levels was seen neither in shed blood nor in venous blood.Our data do not support the concept of a transient imbalance between generation and inhibition of thrombin as the underlying pathomechanism of coumarin-induced skin nekrosis.

Evaluation of Nanotechniques and Conventional Techniques for the Removal of Dioxins

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Vaishali V. Shahare ◽  
Rajni Grover ◽  
Suman Meena
Keyword(s):  
Soil Sample ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Dioxins And Furans ◽  
Palladized Iron ◽  
The Impact

Background: The persistent dioxins/furans has caused a worldwide concern as they influence the human health. Recent research indicates that nonmaterial may prove effective in the degradation of Dioxins/furans. The nanomaterials are very reactive owing to their large surface area to volume ratio and large number of reactive sites. However, nanotechnology applications face both the challenges and the opportunities to influence the area of environmental protection. Objective: i) To study the impact of oil mediated UV-irradiations on the removal of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, OCDD and OCDF in simulated soil samples. ii) To compare the conventional treatment methods with the modern available nanotechniques for the removal of selected Dioxins/furans from soil samples. Methods: The present work has investigated an opportunity of the degradation of tetra and octachlorinated dioxins and furans by using oil mediated UV radiations with subsequent extraction of respective dioxins/furans from soils. The results have been compared with the available nanotechniques. Results: The dioxin congeners in the simulated soil sample showed decrease in concentration with the increase in the exposure time and intensity of UV radiations. The dechlorination of PCDD/Fs using palladized iron has been found to be effective. Conclusion: Both the conventional methods and nanotechnology have a dramatic impact on the removal of Dioxins/furans in contaminated soil. However, the nanotechniques are comparatively costlier and despite the relatively high rates of PCDDs dechlorination by Pd/nFe, small fraction of the dioxins are recalcitrant to degradation over considerable exposure times.

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