scholarly journals Oil Recovery from Fractionated Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Enzymes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Md. Sanaul Huda ◽  
Nurun Nahar ◽  
Ewumbua Monono ◽  
Sagar Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Oil recovered from dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) can be a high-value product over animal feed to provide an additional profit to ethanol plants currently operating at slim profit margins. Fractionations of DDGS and enzymatic hydrolysis were considered in this study to improve the oil recovery from DDGS. A combination of sieving and then air aspiration was used to separate the original DDGS into three different fractions: light, medium, and heavy. The heavier fraction had up to 24% increased oil content compared to the original DDGS. Commercial enzymes, protease, cellulase, and hemicellulase were tested separately and in combinations at 55 °C for 3 h at 130 rpm to determine their effect on oil recovery from the original and fractionated DDGS. Oil recovery was significantly improved (around 20%) following enzyme hydrolysis of the sieved aspirated heavy fractions of DDGS compared to the original DDGS. More than 90% of oil recovery was achieved by using a combination of cellulase and protease enzymes. Increasing the temperature above 55 °C without any enzyme did not impact oil recovery using the heavy-fraction DDGS. Overall, fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis showed promise to increase oil recovery from DDGS without any current ethanol plant design changes.

scholarly journals Novel feed additives to improve lipid profiles in pigs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kathleen Elizabeth Shircliff
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Pork Quality ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
White Grease ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Opportunities to export high quality pork products to trade partners like Japan are economically favorable outlets for US pork producers. Domestic consumers also rely heavily on fresh pork appearance, especially color and marbling, to make initial and repeat purchasing decisions. Two studies were performed to elucidate novel ways to improve pork quality, specifically by altering the lipid profile and increasing intramuscular fat (i.m.). In experiment 1, forty individually reared barrows (100 kg ± 3 kg, PIC C23 x 337) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments containing dried distillers grains with solubles and 3 percent added fat to determine the resulting carcass characteristics and fresh pork quality. The treatments included 1) a positive control containing a corn and soybean meal base with 3 percent choice white grease (PCON), 2) 30 percent high protein dried distillers grain and 3 percent choice white grease (HPDDG), or 30 percent DDGS with 3) no added fat (DDGS), 4) 3 percent choice white grease (DDGS + CWG), or 5) 3 percent butter oil (DDGS + BO). Postmortem carcasses characteristics and quality attributes were not different between diets (P greater than 0.08) except the semimembranosus muscle from pigs fed HPDDGS had the most basic ultimate pH (P = 0.01) suggesting pigs fed HPDDGS had less glycolytic potential at the time of slaughter. Including DDGS in the diet decreased (P less than 0.01) MUFA and increased (P less than 0.01) PUFA. Butter oil increased (P less than 0.01) CLA content in fat, but did not increase SFA or iodine value. Although added fat in the diet altered fatty acid composition in multiple fat depots, adding additional saturated fat to the diet in the form of butter oil did not mitigate the unsaturation of DDGS. Skycis® (narasin, NAR) is a swine performance ionophore labeled to increase rate of gain in the last 4 weeks of the finishing phase. The objective of experiment 2 was to evaluate inclusion of NAR in pig diets and determine the source of carcass yield, specifically dressing percentage, improvements observed in previous studies. Barrows (n=50) and gilts (n=50) of PIC C22 x 337 genetics were randomly assigned to a diet containing 0 or 15 ppm NAR initiated at 39.5 kg of body weight and continued until slaughter. Barrows tended (P = 0.09) to have heavier viscera, significantly (P less than 0.01) more fat at the 10th rib, and a greater (P = 0.01) percentage of i.m. fat compared to gilts. Gilts were heavier muscled than barrows as evidenced by many gender differences (P less than 0.05) observed in the cutability phase of the study, specifically larger LM (P less than 0.01). Heavy muscled, lean animals such as gilts may have increased organ mass from up regulated metabolic activity, but pigs with greater intake will also have heavier intestinal tract compensating for the increased consumption suggesting barrows in this study ate more, especially late in the growth curve. Pigs fed NAR had heavier (P less than 0.01) hearts, but few treatment differences were observed in carcass quality and cutability. In general, fat content increased and made up a larger percentage of total carcass weight in pigs fed NAR. The current results do not confirm the source of previously observed differences in DP in pigs fed NAR, but could be attributed to the tendency of NAR to increase carcass fatness.

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminal or fecal contents incubated with corn or wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Yang ◽  
W.Z. Yang ◽  
J.J. McKinnon ◽  
T.W. Alexander ◽  
Y.L. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
The Media ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Ddgs

Dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of ethanol production, and its use as cattle feed has increased as a result of the expansion of the fuel ethanol industry. However, the inclusion of corn DDGS into feedlot diets may increase the shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study investigated whether corn or wheat DDGS at 2 concentrations (20% or 40% vs. 100% barley grain) affected the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in incubations of ruminal digesta and feces. Neither the type nor the level of DDGS had any effect on fermentation or the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ruminal digesta. However, there was a time by DDGS interaction (p < 0.05), where the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in feces did not differ after 4 or 12 h of incubation but were greater after 24 h in both 40% wheat and 40% corn DDGS as compared with other treatments. Additionally, after 24 h, the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were greater in fecal incubations with corn DDGS than with wheat DDGS (p < 0.05). The differences in the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were not attributable to changes in pH or in concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the media. These results suggest that the inclusion of high levels of corn or wheat DDGS in feedlot diets of cattle may encourage the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces.

Evaluation of Selected Nutrients and Contaminants in Distillers Grains from Ethanol Production in Texas

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1562-1571
Author(s):  
KYUNG-MIN LEE ◽  
TIMOTHY J. HERRMAN ◽  
LYNN POST
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Process Stream ◽  
Dry Grind ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Feed Samples

ABSTRACTThis article contains the results of the evaluation of distillers grain (DG) coproducts from different ethanol plants around the United States and supplemented in animal diets in Texas, based on samples analyzed from 2008 to 2014. The samples were assessed for concentration, occurrence, and prevalence of selected nutrients and contaminants. Protein and sulfur contents of DG were largely different between maize and sorghum coproducts, as well as wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), indicating a significant effect of grain feedstock and dry grind process stream on DG composition and quality. Salmonella was isolated in 4 DDGS samples of a total of 157 DG samples, a percentage (2.5%) that is lower than the percentage of Salmonella-positive samples found in other feed samples analyzed during the same period. A small amount of virginiamycin residue was found in 24 maize DDGS, 1 maize WDGS, and 2 sorghum DDGS samples of 242 samples in total. One sorghum DDGS sample of 168 DG samples was contaminated with animal protein prohibited for use in ruminant feed and was channeled to poultry feed. The concentrations of aflatoxin and fumonisin DG coproducts averaged 3.4 μg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg, respectively. Among contaminated maize DG samples, five DDGS samples for aflatoxin contained a higher concentration than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) minimum action level of 20 μg/kg for use in animal feed, whereas no sample for fumonisin was found above the action level of 5 mg/kg. The study provides the most current results involving DG coproducts and associated hazards that will assist development of food safety plans required by the FDA in their September 2015 rule titled “Current Good Manufacturing Practice Hazard Analysis and Risk Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals.”

scholarly journals Physicochemical characterisation of kafirins extracted from sorghum grain and dried distillers grain with solubles related to their biomaterial functionality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Shah ◽  
Deepak Dwivedi ◽  
Mark Hackett ◽  
Hani Al-Salami ◽  
Ranjeet P. Utikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Polypeptide Profile

AbstractKafirin, the hydrophobic prolamin storage protein in sorghum grain is enriched when the grain is used for bioethanol production to give dried distillers grain with solubles (DGGS) as a by-product. There is great interest in DDGS kafirin as a new source for biomaterials. There is however a lack of fundamental understanding of how the physicochemical properties of DDGS kafirin having been exposed to the high temperature conditions during ethanol production, compare to kafirin made directly from the grain. An understanding of these properties is required to catalyse the utilisation of DDGS kafirin for biomaterial applications. The aim of this study was to extract kafirin directly from sorghum grain and from DDGS derived from the same grain and, then perform a comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of these kafirins in terms of: polypeptide profile by sodium-dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; secondary structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, self-assembly behaviour by small-angle x-ray scattering, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and surface chemical properties by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. DDGS kafirin was found to have very similar polypeptide profile as grain kafirin but contained altered secondary structure with increased levels of β-sheets. The structure morphology showed surface fractals and surface elemental composition suggesting enhanced reactivity with possibility to endow interfacial wettability. These properties of DDGS kafirin may provide it with unique functionality and thus open up opportunities for it to be used as a novel food grade biomaterial.

scholarly journals 71 Effects of timing of supplementation during late gestation in Bos indicus-influenced beef cows on post-weaning growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of steer progeny

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
Juliana Ranches ◽  
Vinicius Gouvea ◽  
Rhaiza Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Abstract This study evaluated the growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of beef steers born to cows offered dried distillers grains (DDG) at different timing during late gestation. Approximately 84 d before calving (d 0), 84 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (422 ± 42 kg; 5.0 ± 0.14) and allocated into 1 of 6 bahiagrass pastures (14 cows/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures: 1) no prepartum supplementation (CON); 2) 1 kg/d DDG from d 0 to 84 (LATE84); or 3) 2 kg/d from d 0 to 42 (LATE42). Calves were weaned at 261 ± 23 d of age. At weaning, 38 steers were vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and transported to a feedlot facility. Steers were penned according to cow prepartum pasture distribution and fed a similar diet until slaughter (d 587). Data were analyzed as complete randomized design using MIXED procedure of SAS, pasture as the experimental unit, treatment as fixed effect, and pasture(treatment) and steer(pasture) as random effects. Steer feedlot BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.12) among treatments. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for LATE42 and LATE84 vs. CON steers 2 d after feedlot entry. Plasma cortisol and seroconversion for BVDV-1 and PI-3 did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) among treatments. The percentage of carcasses grading Choice did not differ (P = 0.13), but carcasses grading low Choice were greater (P = 0.03) for CON vs. LATE42, with LATE84 being intermediate (91, 40, and 58%, respectively). Thus, prepartum dried distillers grain supplementation to B. indicus-influenced cows did not enhance feedlot growth but had subtle positive impacts on carcass quality and innate immunity in steer progeny. In addition, timing of dried distillers grain supplementation (last 84 d vs. first 42 d of late gestation) did not impact steer post-weaning feedlot performance and carcass quality.

22 Effects of Housing Cow-calf Pairs on Drylots vs Pasture on Calf Performance and Behavior Through Weaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Megan Myerscough ◽  
Wes Chapple ◽  
William T Meteer ◽  
Daniel W Shike
Keyword(s):  
Corn Silage ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fence Line

Abstract The objectives were to analyze the effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots or pasture on calf performance and behavior through weaning. Simmental × Angus (2 yr; 108/yr; 81 ± 15.3 d postpartum) spring-calving cows were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and calf sex and allotted to six groups/yr. Groups were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST). Calves in the drylot had ad libitum access to a diet consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grain, corn stalks, dry rolled corn, and soybean hulls. Calves on PAST received creep feed three weeks prior to weaning. Calf BW was measured on d 0, 55, and 110. Calves were fence-line weaned on d 110. Behavior was observed for two days after weaning. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Drylot calves had greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW at d 55 and 110. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for lying and eating on d 111. More PAST calves were lying at h 2 and 3 and eating at h 11 and 12. More DL calves were lying at h 9, 10, 11, and 12. More DL calves were eating at h 2 and tended to at h 3. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 111. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1, however, DL calves vocalized more at h 4 and tended to at h 5. There was treatment by time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for eating and walking on d 112. More DL calves were eating at h 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9. More PAST calves were walking at h 1 and 2. There was also a treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for vocalizations on d 112. More PAST calves vocalized at h 1 and 10. In conclusion, housing cow-calf pairs in drylots improved preweaning performance and altered postweaning behavior.

43 Cow Performance and Lameness Are Affected by Housing in Drylots vs Pasture During the Summer

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
Lucas Hofer ◽  
Megan Myerscough ◽  
Wes Chapple ◽  
Travis T Meteer ◽  
Keela Trennepohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Hair Coat ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

Abstract The objective was to compare the performance of cows housed in drylots or on pasture. Spring-calving, Simmental × Angus cow-calf pairs (n = 108; 77 ± 18 days postpartum) were stratified by age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), calving date, and calf sex. Cows were allotted into six groups which were randomly assigned to drylot or pasture. Drylot cows were limit-fed a ration consisting of corn silage, dried distillers grain, corn stalks, cracked corn, and a corn-based supplement to meet protein and energy requirements. Cows on pasture were rotationally grazed with access to free-choice mineral. Cows were artificially inseminated on day 0. Cow BW, BCS, hair coat scores, locomotion scores, and lameness treatments were evaluated throughout the 110-day experiment. Milk production and composition were evaluated on day 56. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX (binary data) procedures of SAS. Artificial insemination and overall pregnancy rates did not differ (P ≥ 0.79) between groups. Drylot cows were 22 and 51 kg heavier (P ≤ 0.02) than pasture cows on days 83 and 110, respectively. Drylot cow BCS was greater (P = 0.03) on day 110. Hair coat scores were more desirable (P = 0.03) in drylot cows than pasture cows on day 110. Drylot cows had greater (P = 0.04) milk production than pasture cows. Pasture cows had greater (P ≤ 0.03) milk protein content and milk urea nitrogen. Although locomotion scores did not differ (P ≥ 0.45) on days 0 and 34, they were less desirable (P = 0.02) for the drylot cows on day 110. A greater (P = 0.02) percentage of drylot cows (33%) were treated for lameness than pasture cows (7%). Housing cows in drylots increased BW, BCS, and milk production, but resulted in poorer locomotion scores and increased lameness treatments.

scholarly journals Potential of Bagasse as Raw Material for Lignosulfonate Surfactant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Setiati ◽  
Aqlyna Fatahanissa ◽  
Shabrina Sri Riswati ◽  
Septoratno Siregar ◽  
Deana Wahyuningrum
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Component Test ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
Injection Mechanism ◽  
Petroleum Sector

Anionic surfactants are generally used in surfactant injections because they are good, resistant in storage and stable. Furthermore, Commercially, anions are produced in the form of carboxylates, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, or phosphonates. The surfactants used in the process of implementing Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are generally petroleum-based, such as Petroleum Sulfonate. Therefore, an increase in oil price, leads to an increase in the price of surfactant and the operational costs becomes relatively expensive. Lignosulfonate is a type of anionic surfactant which is made with lignin as raw material. This lignin is found in many plants, including wood stalks, plant leaves, peanut shells, corn cobs, bagasse, empty bunches of oil palm and wheat straw. Based on the results of previous studies, 25% of lignin component was discovered in bagasse. This may be a consideration that there is enough lignin in bagasse to be used as raw material in the production of lignosulfonate vegetable surfactants. Furthermore, lignin from bagasse is used because bagasse is easy to obtain, cheap and an environmental friendly vegetable waste. Currently, bagasse is only used as fuel in steam boilers and papermaking, cement and brick reinforcement, a source of animal feed, bioethanol, activated charcoal as adsorbent and compost fertilizer. This is a consideration to optimize the use of bagasse to become lignosulfonate as an alternative for surfactants in the petroleum sector. The purpose of this study is to show that lignin from bagasse has the potential of becoming a lignosulfonate surfactant. There are several studies that have processed bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate. The component test on the results showed that the surfactant component of sodium lignosulfonate from bagasse was almost the same as the commercial standard lignosulfonate component. Furthermore, the results of the HLB (Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance) value test show that the sodium lignosulfonate surfactant from bagasse can function as an emulsion form which is a required parameter for the surfactant injection mechanism. Based on the discussion of the study results, bagasse has the potential as a raw material to be processed into lignosulfonates.

A comprehensive survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in maize dried distillers' grain and solubles sourced worldwide

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rodrigues ◽  
L. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Ingredients ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
By Products

As cereal and protein sources suffer a price increase worldwide, the use of alternative ingredients in feeds has become increasingly appealing to the animal industry. Dried distillers' grain and solubles (DDGS) have been one of the ingredients which demand has dramatically increased over the last few years. In fact, the supply of maize DDGS is expected to increase to about 38.6 mmt by 2019-2020. The presence of mycotoxins in these by-products has been a matter of concern raised by their ubiquitous use. A rule of thumb typically used in the field is that the concentration of mycotoxins in the final by-product is about three times higher than that of the original raw material, which may be scientifically backed up by the fact that the remaining portions within the by-product are those which had a higher concentration of mycotoxins (outer portions of the grain). This paper is the outcome of a five-year study during which a total of 409 maize DDGS samples sourced worldwide were analysed for the mycotoxins of major importance which cause the great negative impacts in animal performance and health: aflatoxins (a sum of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2), zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, a sum fumonisins B1 and B2 and ochratoxin A. From the total of samples tested, only 2% of the analysed DDGS showed contamination levels below the limit of detection (negative samples). 6% of samples had the presence of 1 mycotoxin only and the majority (92% of the samples) was contaminated with 2 or more mycotoxins.

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