Psychological Problems of Athletes in Undergoing Independent Training Programs During the Pandemic Covid-19

The global pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus reduces human activities in various aspects of life, including sporting events. Restrictions on activities on a large scale make sporting events that have the potential to gather large numbers of people prohibited from being held to prevent the transmission and spread of this virus. In addition to sporting events, preparatory exercises for sporting events must also be carried out independently in their respective homes. The implementation of independent training in the long term with supervision through online media has an influence on athletes in physical, technical, tactical and psychological performance. The purposes of this study are (1) to describe the psychological problems of athletes carrying out independent training programs during the covid-19 pandemic, (2) to explore the causes of psychological problems, (3) to explore the strategies chosen by athletes in overcoming psychological problems. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach through in-depth closed interviews with sports athletes who run an independent training program during covid 19. Data analysis was carried out using the step of grouping problematic data that occurred and presented in the form of percentages and discussion The results of this study show Independent exercise programs at home have a psychological impact on athletes in the form of anxiety, boredom, stress, and obsession. Suggestions from the results of this study should be exercise in quarantine involving athletes and coaches in one camp equipped with training facilities and a recreational situation.

Management of Training Process of Team Sports Athletes During the Competition Period on the Basis of Programming (Football-Based)

The purpose of the study was to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of organization of structural arrangements of the training process in skilled football players within the limits of the competition period on the basis of programming. Material and methodology. 18 skilled football players of “Burevisnyk” student team took part in the research. The average age of participants was 19.8 ± 5.8 years and the qualification was category 1. The programme of the competition period of the skilled football players consisted of four blocks: the first one included the types and ratios of the training work, the second one included quantitative indexes of training sessions (non-specific, specific, comprehensive) and games (educational, control, official), and the third one included the ratio of means (general preparatory exercises, special preparatory exercises, developing exercises, competitive exercises) and training loads (aerobic, mixed aerobic and anaerobic, anaerobic alactic, anaerobic glycolytic loads), and the fourth one included preparedness criteria. Results. We have redistributed training loads of various orientation by taking into account the specifics of competitive loads in skilled football players. Thus, shares of loads of the aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic orientation at the formative stage of the experiment were increased by 53.6 and 3.0 %, respectively, and the loads of the mixed and anaerobic alactic orientation were decreased by 40.0 and 3.4 %, respectively. Positive dynamics of indexes of physical (1.2-2.2 %) and functional (5.4-6.7 %) preparedness and competitive activity (3.6-23.8 %) of skilled football players at the formative phase of the experiment in comparison to the ascertaining phase was evident. Conclusions. Theoretical and methodical aspects of programming of the training process may be conditioned upon the hierarchical structure, in which smaller programmatic structural arrangements are subordinate to the larger ones; the objectives with respect to the training programmes at every phase of the training macrocycle; general and special principles of athlete training; algorithmicity, i.e. step-by-step planning and correction of managerial influences; proper selection of training means and use of training loads with different focuses in the process of training cycles; use of informational criteria for control at every phase of the training process.

RHETORIKAL COMPETENCE IN THE FORMATION OF THE FUTURE PHILOLOGIST

The concept of «rhetorical competence of a philologist» is analyzed in the article. It is determined that the rhetorical training of students is a necessary component of the formation and development of the personality of the future specialist. However, for a future philologist this competence is professionally necessary. Based on the research of scholars on rhetorical competence, this concept is interpreted as a set of practical skills of a student of philology, who has learned the necessary block of theoretical knowledge and realizes it in reality, it allows him to successfully and effectively interact with other subjects. It is noted that a high level of rhetorical competence allows to achieve professional and life success, it is an indicator of intellectual development. The article emphasizes that rhetoric is not an independent subject in all universities, it is necessary to use elements of rhetoric in classes in higher education. Exercises and tasks that contribute to the formation of rhetorical competence are highlighted. It is noted that training exercises have a practical orientation and are intended to activate mental processes (memory, thinking, imagination, etc.), to improve speech and communication skills. Preparatory exercises help to reduce stress and overcome psychological barriers, distract and help to relax during the learning process. Analytical exercises help to train students ability to work with text, develop memory, analyze stylistic devices, structure information, etc. Creative (with the creation of own texts) and constructive (reconstruction of sentences, texts, etc.) exercises are productive in the training of philologist. Particular attention should be paid to the use of non-verbal means by students, including facial expressions, gestures. Equally important is the construction of dialogues, questions, the use of communicative exercises, games and situational tasks, because such tasks motivate students, arouse interest in learning, allow them to practice speech. The article emphasizes that working in groups, in pairs develops the ability of constructive dialogue, listen and hear the interlocutor, understand the position of the interlocutor, the ability to use verbal and nonverbal means, to overcome certain closeness in communication. Practical classes in the form of discussion, such as talk shows are important for the formation of rhetorical competence of future philologists. The authors summarize that rhetorical competence will make possible a high level of further professional self-education, will promote the realization of professional knowledge in productive and civilized ways of thinking and speaking.

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPLEX OF EXERCISES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL ENDURANCE IN RACING SKIERS

The article describes and tested complexes of special-preparatory exercises, revealed the effectiveness of the used special-preparatory exercises for the development of special endurance. The effectiveness of the used special-preparatory exercises for the development of special endurance was revealed, the use of these complexes in the experimental group gives 38.12 to the effectiveness in control training, which is 26.03 higher than the indicators of the control group, which was engaged in the generally accepted program. The results of the study can serve as the main basis for the preparation of educational and methodological materials, can be used when drawing up educational and training plans directly, designed for a macrocycle of both one year and four years. The materials obtained allow us to see the statistics of growth in our study and at a certain stage of preparation to give preference to the method that was tested.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SPECIAL TRAINING IN SPORTS AEROBICS

High requirements in sports aerobics to the versatile special readiness of athletes (physical, technical and artistic) are determined by its significant influence on the results of competitive performances and on their high-quality performance. In gymnastics the process of sports training is understood as a unity of closely related components, the main component is the special physical and technical training of gymnasts. The conducted research summarizes the scientific and methodological material on the problem of optimising the process of special training in sports aerobics, aimed at a comprehensive increase in the level of performance skills of young gymnasts. The experimental methodology of special training is based on the complex use of integral training means such as special preparatory exercises, structurally similar to the main competitive components of sports aerobics, and training forms of competitive exercises. During the experiment the organizational and pedagogical conditions for increasing the effectiveness of the process of special training in sports aerobics at the stage of sports improvement were specified.

Development of physical qualities of senior school age boys by means of combat sports

The study obtained objective data on the positive influence of the use of boxing and fencing elements on the strength qualities development of young men of senior school age as a means of physical education. The factors that affect the manifestation of strength and speed qualities of young men are determined, the correlation between their indicators in general and special preparatory exercises is revealed. A positive transfer of physical qualities among young men was established when performing special preparatory exercises to general preparatory exercises.

Retórica, tradición misógina y humor en la Declamación XXVI de Libanio de Antioquía

Libanius presents in his Declamation XXVI a misanthrope who addresses the Council to be allowed to commit suicide, because he has married a talkative woman and he cannot bear it. There are two points of reference that the author has followed for the construction of his characters. On the one hand, the practice of the schools of rhetoric, where one of the topicson which they worked in the preparatory exercises was whether or not to marry. On the other, Attic comedy, which made fun of feminine defects and warned about the dangers of taking a wife, within a long misogynistic tradition that has been present since the beginning of Greek literature

Variable Load Distribution for the Main Groups of Exercises in the Competitive Mesocycle of Highly Qualified Weightlifters

In weightlifting, throughout its existence, the search for optimal methods of organizing the training process is underway. In their works, researchers emphasize the importance of load distribution in annual periods, mesocycles, and microcycles. The aim of this study was to improve the training process of highly qualified weightlifters based on the application of diverse variations of load in intensity zones for the main groups of exercises in the microcycles of the competitive mesocycle. Working on the article, the authors analyzed scientific and methodological literature on the topic. The obtained data became the basis for the development of two options of a program for training weightlifters in a 4-week competitive mesocycle. The developed program was tested experimentally. In the course of the experiment, two equal experimental groups of eight people in each were formed from weightlifters with the qualification of master of sports of Russia. During the experiment, athletes of both groups performed the same amount of training load: 1608 NBL (number of barbell lifts). The load distribution for microcycles within the competition mesocycle was also the same for all athletes. The sequence of microcycles was as follows: recovery microcycle (340 NBL) → shock microcycle (603 NBL); → basic microcycle (483 NBL) → competitive microcycle (182 NBL). The authors assumed that with the same total load volumes and the identical sequence of types of microcycles in experimental groups, the variable distribution of load by intensity zones and main groups of exercises within individual microcycles of the competition mesocycle would allow achieving an increase in the result at competitions. The end of the experiment was the performance of athletes at all-Russian competitions. Athletes of Group 1 were able to improve the result in the total of the double event by 5.6 kg. Athletes of Group 2 showed a negative dynamics of results in the double event by 1.9 kg. The results of the study show that the increase in NBL in classical exercises by 8.5 % per month (competitive mesocycle) with a similar reduction in the load in special training exercises allows improving weightlifters’ competitive result without increasing the total amount of load under the following conditions: load in the snatch and jerk exercises in the intensity zones of 81–100% should increase by 40% per month; load reduction in pull exercises and barbell squats should be distributed relatively evenly across all applied intensity zones; load distribution by microcycles inside the competition mesocycle should follow the scheme: recovery → shock → basic → competitive; the greatest variations of load in classical and special preparatory exercises should be applied in the shock microcycle.

The structure and content of the athlets` exercise at the stage of direct preparation for the main start

In the works on the organization and management of training athletes at the high-end competitive stage shows that in many ways the success of the athlete performances linked with the right science-based predictions can influence the organizational processes of formation of athletics team. The quality and accuracy of these decisions, the responsibility for their adoption is increasing even more at the stage of immediate preparation for the main start. There are reviewed and analyzed in the article the stages of sportsmen`s preparation before competition of dogfight, specific features of sportsmen`s preparation to competition. The problem of bringing athletes to competition is one of the most important in sports training. It has great practical value. The competitive period is characterized by the fact that the athlete must for a long time maintain a high level of special physical, technical training, which was provided for in the preparatory period. This can be achieved by using competitive and close to them special preparatory exercises. The racing period is characterized by the fact that the athlete must maintain for a long time a high level of special physical and technical training. The work on organizing and managing the training of high-class athletes at the competitive stage shows that in many respects the success of the athlete's performance is related to the correct scientific-based forecasts that allow to influence the organizational processes of forming a national team. In the works on the organization and management of training of a high-class athlete at the competitive stage was shown that in many respects the success of the athlete’s performance is connected with the correct scientifically-based forecasts that allow influencing the organizational processes of forming the national team. The quality and accuracy of these decisions, the responsibility for their decision even more increase at the stage of immediate preparation for the main start.

Systematic Instruction of Skiing in the Military

This chapter provides a guide for producing a well-practiced skier in a short time of service. It is a good idea to get familiar with the theory of ski-running as much as possible beforehand, in order to make it more comprehensible and easier to grasp in practice. Along with theory, there are plenty of preparatory exercises that can accelerate as well as facilitate the study of running and produce good results. Until the start of winter, the chapter recommends strengthening and developing muscles so that as soon as the snow falls practice can begin. But there is also the need to train one's internal organs in order to open up one's breathing; to broaden the chest; and to learn how to turn and hold onto the poles. One can develop the techniques of movement effectively by learning them as gymnastic exercises in formation.