“Fighting for White Supremacy”

This chapter covers the years of Reconstruction from 1865 until its end in 1877. It discusses adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, President Lincoln’s assassination after praising the amendment’s granting of Black voting rights, adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, granting Blacks the “equal protection of the laws,” and adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1869, providing federal enforcement of Black voting rights. Congress also established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist newly freed Blacks, especially in setting up schools for Black children, although only one-fifth actually attended school. It also discusses the violent White resistance to Black voting, led by hooded nightriders of the Ku Klux Klan, and the massacre on Easter Sunday in 1873 of some two hundred Blacks in Colfax, Louisiana, murdered by Whites after Blacks were elected as sheriff and other officials. Three White men were convicted of participation in the massacre, but the Supreme Court reversed the convictions in United States v. Cruikshank in 1876, opening the door to the end of Reconstruction after the “stolen election” that year ended with Rutherford Hayes as a Republican president who capitulated to southern demands that federal troops withdraw from slave states, paving the way for Black disenfranchisement and restoration of White control.

Protection to thermal impact of solar radiation: evaluation of selected reflective fabrics

Prolonged exposure to solar radiation can cause considerable heat stress. The application of reflective materials in garments or sunscreens is generally considered as an appropriate protective strategy. In this study, we aimed to compare a range of reflective and control fabrics on their ability to reduce the thermal impact of solar radiation. We evaluated 16 reflective and 5 control fabrics, varying in applicability for garments and/or sunscreens. Transmission of ultraviolet, visible light and infrared radiation was studied using artificial solar light. Thermal impact reduction was first studied using artificial infrared light and secondly using natural sunlight, measuring temperature right at the back and 10 cm behind the fabric after a 10-minute exposure. Most samples showed comparably low radiation transmission (<10%). However, substantially higher transmission was observed in perforated and mesh-like reflective fabrics, as well as light-colored controls and coldblack® treated fabric. This resulted in larger temperature increases at 10 cm behind the fabric (+1-4°C in sunlight). Contact temperature at the back of the black fabrics ended up higher than at the back of the reflective and white control fabrics (T: 5-10°C in sunlight), the latter two showing minor mutual differences (T<3°C). In conclusion, the reflective fabrics (excluding perforated, mesh and coldblack®) showed minor mutual differences, lower heat absorption than the black control fabrics and lower heat transmission than the white ones. The results suggest that reflective or white fabrics are preferable for most garment applications, while reflective or possibly black fabrics are preferable for sunscreen applications.

Homeopathy as a tool for enhancing Cognition in Senescence/Senility: Experimental Model.

Background: Several comparative and experimental studies have shown that elder subjects show performance significantly prejudiced in different types of cognitive tasks1. The aging process is extremely complex and multifactorial, due to its multidisciplinary nature. Therefore, it is greatly important to study medications that can reduce the losses induced by aging in men and animals. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of homeopathic medication in locomotion and enhancement of cognitive tasks, prejudiced by senescence/senility in rats. Materials and Method: 32 Wistar rats were used, all male, 22 to 23 months old of age, from the Santo Amaro University (UNISA) Bioterium. According to Andreollo et al. (2012)2 and Segunpta et al. (2013)3, a Wistar rat at the age of this study can be compared to a human over 60 years old. However, in laboratory conditions, hardly ever an animal (Wistar rat) reaches this age, therefore, research mice are considered elderly. The number of animals chosen for this study was in accordance with the 3Rs rules (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement - www.nc3rs.org.uk/ARRIVE). All males were maintained in cages with ad libitum access to food and water, in a controlled light cycle of 12:12 hours (7h/19h). Medications were made based on the Brazilian Homeopathy Pharmacopeia. The animals were distributed randomly in 4 experimental groups (4/cage), with 8 animals per group, and the following medications were administered in the drinking water ad libitum (5 drops/drinking bottle): Calcarea carbonica 30 cH; Baryta muriática 30 cH; Hydro alcoholic solution 10%; White Control (no medication). The experiment was conducted in blind and the medications used in code, only revealed after the statistics were conducted. The animals were weighed weekly and were subjected to Open Field (OF) on day 1 of the experiment; after 40 days of medication the animals were subjected to the Open Field (OF) test and to “T” Maze learning test4. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA, followed by the Bartlett's Test and Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test and Kruskal Wallis e Dunn, being p≤0.05. Results and Discussion: All groups lost weight during the experiment except the group Calcarea carbonica, that gained weight (p≤0.05). In the beginning of the experiment there was no statistical difference between groups in OF, demonstrating uniformity amongst animals. After medication, when subjected to OF, it was observed an increase of the walking quadrants (p≤0.05) in total locomotion and decreased of Freezing in the groups treated with Carcarea carbonica e Baryta muriatica (p≤0.05) relative to the White Control and Hydro alcoholic solution groups, demonstrating better disposition of the medicated elderly. It is known that aging accelerates neurodegenerative processes, leading to cognitive dysfunctions5, however in the “T” Maze test learning test, it was seen an increased correct responses in the group treated with Baryta muriatica 30 cH, suggesting enhancing the elderly’s memory5. Conclusion: The drugs were able to increase the locomotion of animals and Baryta muriatica improved the cognitive responses in animals compared to the other groups.

Prediction Of Carcass Lean Content In Live Pigs Using Scanoprobe Ultrasonic Machine

A total of 40 entire males within 60kg weight range from Large White control and selected crossbred improved indigenous pigs were used to study relationships between live and carcass measurements using the Scanoprobe ultrasonic machine. Within this live weight range the fat depths (P1, P2 and P3)and muscle measurements (MP2 and MLA) were more variable in the crossbreds than the purebred exotics although the carcass lean content, 365g/kg and 395g/kg for the purebred and crossbreds respectively were not significantly different. The fat depths, using the ultrasonic machine was a little lower than the actual values: 15.1 as against 16.6mm for P1 and 15.05 against 16.3mm for P2 with a residual standard deviation of 2.56 and 3.25mm respectively. Whilst the MLA gave values of 2886mm2 for ultrasonics as against 3025mm2 for carcass measurement with S.D. of 357 and 328mm2 respectively. Relative to the different fat depths measurements, the regression of carcass lean on P1 was -3.90±1.716 whilst at P2 and P3 it was -2.94±0.949 and -3.41±0.810gms respectively, resulting in a prediction equation for lean content of 57.85 - 0.751 P2 gm.

Photosynthesis of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae cells in blue, red, and white light

Photosynthesis and respiration rates, pigment contents, CO2 compensation point, and carbonic anhydrase activity in Cyanidioschizon merolae cultivated in blue, red, and white light were measured. At the same light quality as during the growth, the photosynthesis of cells in blue light was significantly lowered, while under red light only slightly decreased as compared with white control. In white light, the quality of light during growth had no effect on the rate of photosynthesis at low O2 and high CO2 concentration, whereas their atmospheric level caused only slight decrease. Blue light reduced markedly photosynthesis rate of cells grown in white and red light, whereas the effect of red light was not so great. Only cells grown in the blue light showed increased respiration rate following the period of both the darkness and illumination. Cells grown in red light had the greatest amount of chlorophyll a, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, while those in blue light had more phycocyanin. The dependence on O2 concentration of the CO2 compensation point and the rate of photosynthesis indicate that this alga possessed photorespiration. Differences in the rate of photosynthesis at different light qualities are discussed in relation to the content of pigments and transferred light energy together with the possible influence of related processes. Our data showed that blue and red light regulate photosynthesis in C. merolae for adjusting its metabolism to unfavorable for photosynthesis light conditions.

Whither the “White Control Group“? On the Benefits of a Comparative Ethnic Minority Psychology

The purpose of this paper is to discuss ethnic comparative research and the role of the “White control group” in such designs. Accordingly, there are two primary goals. First, to describe the rationale for ethnic comparative research, highlighting how research with White youth is based on different assumptions than research with ethnic minority youth. Second, to offer suggestions for how to conduct comparative research, ensuring that studies that include White samples are not conceptualized within a deficit framework. To this end, three recommendations are offered: 1) having a theoretical foundation for comparative studies, 2) including dynamic mediators to explain group differences, and 3) using mixed methods to reveal heterogeneity within groups. This paper is meant to serve as an explication of best practices that researchers could reference when designing their studies, providing rationale for their design, and responding to reviewer comments.

Prescribed Spheres: The Legal Path of Slavery in Mississippi

Slavery was a cornerstone of antebellum Mississippi life, and legal controversies over slavery regularly roiled the state. In the 1840s, planter Isaac Ross’s desire to free his slaves sparked a dispute between Mississippi’s legislature and supreme court whether slave owners should be allowed to manumit (free) their slaves at all. The court held that Mississippi law preserved a small opening for freedom but as war approached in the late 1850s the court changed its mind. Mississippi slave law was harsh: it allowed slaves small personal and economic liberties and the right to a trial if they were accused of crime, but it was highly effective in preserving black subservience and white control. The chapter provides a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the planters, slaves and free black Mississippians who helped shape slave law.

Racist Sex without Racists: The Pleasure of Race and White Control Over the Terms of Sexual Racial Liberation

Can people find pleasure in race, or is any mention or description of race erotically itself racist? Using the framework of sexual racism, in this essay, I contend that people do find pleasure in race and to propose a colorblind alternative to sexual racism is inappropriate. I consider the kink of race play as a site where it is clear pleasure exists for some. To delineate ethical and unethical pleasures of race, and the possibility for a non-colorblind approach, I look at experiences of racial beauty experienced by people of color themselves. This essay was delivered at the 2018 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association to the invited conference thematic panel Feeling Race: Solidarity, Affinity, and Belonging. Originally titled in the program: “The Pleasures of Race: Racism and Connection in Sexy Communities.”

Murder on the Kansas City Special? Pullman Porters, Emotions, and the Strange Case of J. H. Wilkins

J. H. Wilkins, an African American railroad porter for the Pullman Company, was killed while on duty in April 1930. How he met his death has never been fully determined, but the Pullman Company's investigation file exposes the dangerous and racialized emotional terrain that porters navigated daily on their journeys across the US. By examining Wilkins's death, and the work of Pullman porters more broadly, this article makes the case that white control of black emotions in occupational and public spaces was a significant characteristic of the Jim Crow era, and demands further scholarly attention.